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Chinese,Experience,in,Village-wide,Economy,through,Collectivization,and,Reform,after,1949 over and through

发布时间:2019-04-24 04:09:00 影响了:

  Abstract: China’s village-wide economy has reached a critical stage of transition. This change is characterized by structural diversification and non-agricultural development. This paper summarizes China’s experiences in the transitional development of village-wide economy, including: sustained growth of agriculture to ensure food security and social stability, regional experiments on the initiative of farmers followed by government recognition and mandate, adherence to the principle of equal starting points and economic democracy in resource allocation, incentives for entrepreneurship, innovation of village-wide elites, and creation of small economic and cultural hubs.
  Key words: village-wide economy, transitional development, Chinese experience
  JEL Classifications: R11
  1. Basic Concept, Discipline and Research Methodologies
  1.1 Concept of a “Village-wide Economy”
  In ancient times, when China was primarily an agrarian society, villages were integrated venues for economic, social and cultural activities and had solid community attributes and were the social basis for economic self-aid, mutual aid and cooperative development. They were the carriers and basic units of grassroots governance and economic activities. Almost all village studies of various disciplines have touched upon the concept of “village-wide economy.” The most representative examples include economic studies such as Chinese Farm Economy and Land Utilization in China by John L. Buck, anthropological studies such as Village Life in China by Arthur Henderson Smith and Countryside Life in South China: the Sociology of Familism by Daniel Harrison Kulp; and sociological studies, for example Peasant Life in China by Fei Xiaotong and Endogenous Village: Xingren Village by Lu Xueyi.
  After the People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949, traditional villages experienced a conversion from mutual aid teams to cooperatives and the People’s Commune. Within the institutional framework of the People’s Commune, production teams became basic accounting and work units, while natural villages lost most of their functions except for residential quarters.
  During rural reform, the People’s Communes were disbanded, township governments were restored and production teams and production brigades were converted into village groups and village committees, thus reconstructing the system of “township politics and village self-governance.” Under this system, resource allocation, accounting, and distribution powers were rapidly concentrated in the hands of village committees, and the functions of village groups were weakened. As reform deepened, farmers acquired more personal freedoms. With their increased prosperity, farmers began pursuing a more comfortable living environment by building houses outside the boundary of traditional living morphology in areas such as along highways, in forests, near water systems and close to market towns. Under industrialization and urbanization, the government had been relocating farmers to towns and central villages and eliminating the boundary of traditional villages. Consequently, traditional villages lost their research value as an economic unit.

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