当前位置:首页 > 工作总结 > 基础化学答案第03 [基础化学答案第02]
 

基础化学答案第03 [基础化学答案第02]

发布时间:2019-07-20 10:57:28 影响了:

学生自测答案 [TOP]

一、判断题

1.√ 2.√ 3.× 4.× 5.√ 二、选择题

1.B 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C 三、填空题

1. (1) 难挥发性 (2)非电解质 (3) 稀溶液

2. (4)溶液的蒸气压下降 (5)沸点升高 (6)凝固点降低 (7)溶液的渗透压力。

3. (8)存在半透膜 (9)膜两侧单位体积中溶剂分子数不等 (10)从纯溶剂向溶液 (11)从稀溶液向浓溶液

四、问答题

1.Raoult F M 探索溶液蒸气压下降的规律。对于难挥发性的非电解质稀溶液,他得出了如下经验公式:p = p x A 又可表示为Δp = p - p = K bB

Δp 是溶液蒸气压的下降,比例常数K 取决于p 和溶剂的摩尔质量M A 。这就是Raoult 定律。温度一定时,难挥发性非电解质稀溶液的蒸气压下降与溶质的质量摩尔浓度b B 成正比,而与溶质的本性无关。

在水中加入葡萄糖后,凝固点将比纯水低。因为葡萄糖溶液的蒸气压比水的蒸气压低,在水的凝固点时葡萄糖溶液的蒸气压小于冰的蒸气压,两者不平衡,只有降低温度,才能使溶液和冰平衡共存。 2. 这里一个重要问题就是使补液与病人血浆渗透压力相等,才能使体内水分调节正常并维持细胞的正常形态和功能。否则会造成严重后果。

五、计算题 1. c (NH4Cl) =

0. 160g

0. 0200L ⨯53. 48g ⋅mol

-1

o o

o

=0. 1496mol ⋅L

-1

c os (NH4Cl) =0. 1496mol ⋅L -1⨯2⨯1000mmol ⋅mol

红细胞行为正常。

2. ∆T f =K f b B =K f ⋅

m B ⋅1000M

B

-1

=299. 2mmol ⋅L

-1

⋅m A

M

B

=

K f ⋅1000⋅m B

m A ⋅ΔT f

=

5. 10K ⋅kg ⋅mol

-1

⨯0. 1130g ⨯1000g ⋅kg

-1

0. 245K ⨯19. 04g

=123. 5g ⋅mol

-1

磷分子的相对分子质量为123.5

所以,磷分子中含磷原子数为:

123. 530. 97

=3. 99≈4

章后习题答案 [TOP]

习题

1.

水在20℃时的饱和蒸气压为2.34 kPa 。若于100g 水中溶有10.0 g蔗糖(M r = 342),求此溶液的

蒸气压。

解 根据 x A =

n A n A +n B

,

n (H2O) =

100g 18.0g ⋅mol

-1

=5. 56m o l n (蔗糖) =

10. 0g 342g ⋅m o l

-1

=0. 0292m o l

x (H2O) =

n (H2O) n (H2O) +n (蔗糖)

=

5. 56mol

5. 56mol +0. 0292mol

=0. 995

p =p x (H2O) =2. 34kPa ⨯0. 995=2. 33kPa

2. 甲溶液由1.68 g蔗糖(M r =342)和20.00 g水组成,乙溶液由2.45 g (M r = 690)的某非电解质和

20.00 g水组成。

⑴ 在相同温度下,哪份溶液的蒸气压高?

⑵ 将两份溶液放入同一个恒温密闭的钟罩里,时间足够长,两份溶液浓度会不会发生变化,为什

么? ⑶

当达到系统蒸气压平衡时,转移的水的质量是多少?

1. 68g 342g ⋅mol

2. 45g 690g ⋅mol

-1-1

解 (1) n (甲) ==0. 004912mol

n (乙) ==0. 003551mol

b (甲)=

0. 004912mol 0. 0200kg

=0. 2456mol ⋅kg

-1

=0. 1775mol ⋅kg

-1

b (乙)=

0. 003551mol 0. 0200kg

溶液乙的蒸气压下降小,故蒸气压高。

(2)乙溶液浓度变浓, 甲溶液浓度变稀。因为浓度不同的溶液置于同一密闭容器中,由于b B 不同,

P 不同, 蒸发与凝聚速度不同。乙溶液蒸气压高,溶剂蒸发速度大于甲溶液蒸发速度,所以溶液乙中溶剂可以转移到甲溶液。

(3)设由乙溶液转移到甲溶液的水为x(g), 当两者蒸气压相等时,则

b (甲) =b (乙)

0. 004912mol (20. 00+x ) g

=

0. 003551mol (20. 00-x ) g

x = 3.22g

3.

将2.80 g难挥发性物质溶于100 g水中,该溶液在101.3 kPa下,沸点为100.51℃ 。求该溶质的

相对分子质量及此溶液的凝固点。(K b = 0.512 K·kg ·mol -1,K f = 1.86K·kg ·mol -1)

解 ∆T b =T b -T b 0=(100. 51+273. 15) K -(100. 00+273. 15) K =0. 51K

ΔT b K b

0. 51K

0. 512K ⋅kg ⋅mol

-1

b B =

==0. 996mol ⋅kg

-1

M

r

=

m b B V

=

2. 80g

0. 996mol ⋅kg

-1

⨯0. 100kg

-1

=28. 1g ⋅mol

-1

∆T f =K f b B =1. 86K ⋅kg ⋅mol

⨯0. 996mol ⋅kg

-1

=1. 85K

该溶液的凝固点T f 为-1.85℃

4.

烟草有害成分尼古丁的实验式是C 5H 7N ,今将538 mg尼古丁溶于10.0 g水,所得溶液在101.3

kPa 下的沸点是100.17 ℃。求尼古丁的分子式。

解 ∆T b =T b -T b =0. 17K

b B =

ΔT b K b

=

0. 17K 0. 512K ⋅kg ⋅mol

-1

=0. 332mol ⋅kg

-1

M

r

=

m b B

=

0. 538g

0. 0100kg ⨯0. 332mol ⋅kg

-1

=162g ⋅mol

-1

尼古丁的分子式为: C 10H 14N 2

5. 溶解3.24 g硫于40.0 g苯中,苯的凝固点降低1.62℃。求此溶液中硫分子是由几个硫原子组成的?(K f = 5.10 K·kg ·mol -1 )

解 b B =

ΔT f K f

m b B

=

1.62K 5.10K ⋅kg ⋅mol

3.24g

-1

=0.318mol ⋅kg

-1

M

r

==

0.0400kg ⨯0.318mol ⋅kg

-1

=255g ⋅mol

-1

此溶液中硫原子是由8个硫原子组成。

6. 试比较下列溶液的凝固点的高低:(苯的凝固点为5.5 ℃,K f = 5.12 K ·kg ·mol ,水的K f = 1.86 K ·kg ·mol -1)

⑴ 0.1 mol·L -1蔗糖的水溶液; ⑵ 0.1 mol·L -1乙二醇的水溶液; ⑶ 0.1 mol·L -1乙二醇的苯溶液; ⑷ 0.1 mol·L -1氯化钠水溶液。

解 对于非电解质溶液∆T f =K f b B ,电解质溶液ΔT f =iK f b B ,故相同浓度溶液的凝固点的大小顺序是: ⑶>⑴=⑵>⑷

7. 试排出在相同温度下,下列溶液渗透压由大到小的顺序: ⑴ c (C6H 12O 6)= 0.2 mol·L ; ⑵ c (1Na 2CO 3) =0. 2mol ⋅L -1;

-1

-1

2

-1⑶ c (Na 3PO 4) =0. 2m o l ⋅L ; ⑷ c (NaCl)= 0.2 mol·L 。

-1

1

3

解 根据非电解质溶液∏=cRT , 电解质溶液∏=icRT , 渗透压大小顺序是:

⑷ > ⑵ > ⑶ > ⑴

8. 今有一氯化钠溶液,测得凝固点为 -0.26 ℃,下列说法哪个正确,为什么? ⑴ 此溶液的渗透浓度为140 mmol·L -1; ⑵ 此溶液的渗透浓度为280 mmol·L -1; ⑶ 此溶液的渗透浓度为70 mmol·L -1; ⑷ 此溶液的渗透浓度为7 153 mmol·L -1 。 解 由于 NaCl 在水溶液中可以电离出2倍质点数目,该溶液的渗透浓度可认为

{c 0s }mol ⋅L -1≈{2b B }mol ⋅k g -1:

2b B =

0. 26K 1. 86K ⋅kg ⋅mol

-1

=0. 140mol ⋅kg

-1

所以(1)正确,氯化钠溶液的渗透浓度应为140 mmol·L -1

9. 100 mL水溶液中含有2.00 g 白蛋白,25 ℃ 时此溶液的渗透压力为0.717 kPa 求白蛋白的相对分子质量。

解 c (白蛋白) =Π=

RT

0.717kPa

8. 314kPa ⋅L ⋅mol

-1

⋅K

-1

⨯(273+25) K

=2. 89⨯10

-4

-1

mol ⋅L

M (白蛋白)=

2. 00g

2. 89⨯10

-4

mol ⋅L ⨯0. 100L

-1

=6. 92⨯10g ⋅mol

4-1

10. 测得泪水的凝固点为 -0.52 ℃,求泪水的渗透浓度及 37 ℃时的渗透压力。 解 b B =

0. 52K 1. 86K ⋅kg ⋅mol

-1

=0. 280mol ⋅kg

-1

泪水的渗透浓度为280mmol ⋅L -1。

Π=0. 28mol ⋅L =722kPa

-1

⨯8.314kPa ⋅L ⋅mol

-1

⋅K

-1

⨯(273+37)K

11. 今有两种溶液,一为1.50 g 尿素(M r = 60.05)溶于200 g 水中,另一为42.8 g 某非电解质溶于1000 g 水中,这两种溶液在同一温度下结冰,试求该非电解质的相对分子质量。

解 若两溶液在同一温度下结冰,则 b (尿素) =b (某非电解质),

m /M V

∆T f =K f b B =K f

r

-1

有 1. 50g /60. 05g ⋅mol

200g

=

42. 8g /M 1000g

r

M

r

=343g ⋅mol

-1

12. 在0.100kg 的水中溶有0.020 mol NaCl, 0.010 mol Na2SO 4和0.040 mol MgCl2。假如它们在溶液中完全电离,计算该溶液的沸点升高值。

解 b (NaCl)=

0. 020mol 0. 100kg

=0. 20mol ⋅kg

-1

-1

b (Na2SO 4) =b (MgCl

) =2

0. 010mol 0. 100kg 0. 040mol 0. 100kg

=0. 10mol ⋅kg =0. 40mol ⋅kg

-1

他们在溶液中完全电离,溶液中总质点数目为:

b (总) =2⨯b (NaCl ) +3⨯b (Na 2SO 4) +3⨯b (MgCl =2⨯0. 20mol ⋅kg =1. 9mol ⋅kg

-1

-1

2

)

-1

+3⨯0. 10mol ⋅kg

-1

+3⨯0. 40mol ⋅kg

∆T b =0. 512K ⋅kg ⋅mol

-1

⨯1. 9mol ⋅kg

-1

=0. 97K

Exercises

1. What are the normal freezing points and boiling points of the following solution?(a)21.0g NaCl in 135mLof water.(b) 15.4g of urea in 66.7 mL of water.

Solution: (a )c (NaCl) =21.0g/58.5g ⋅mol

0.135L

-1

-1

-1

=2. 659mol ⋅L

∆T f =2⨯1. 86K ⋅kg ⋅mol

⨯2. 659mol ⋅L

-1

=9. 89K

T f =-9. 89C

∆T b =2⨯0. 512K ⋅kg ⋅mol

-1

o

⨯2. 659mol ⋅L

-1

=2. 72K

T b =102. 72o C

(b) c (CON 2H 4) =

15.4g/60.0g ⋅mol

0.0667L

-1

-1

-1

=3. 848mol ⋅L

∆T f =1. 86K ⋅kg ⋅mol

⨯3. 848mol ⋅L

-1

=7. 16K

T f =-7. 16C ∆T b =0. 512K ⋅kg ⋅mol

-1

o

⨯3. 848mol ⋅L

-1

=1. 97K

T b =101. 97C

o

2. If 4.00g of a certain nonelectrolyte is dissolved in 55.0g of benzene, the resulting solution freezes at 2.36℃. Calculate the molecular weight of the nonelectrolyte.

Solution: ∆T f =T f o -T f =5. 5o C -2. 36o C =3. 14o C

b B =

3. 14K 5. 10K ⋅kg ⋅mol 4. 00g/0.0550kg0.616mol ⋅kg

-1-1

=0. 616mol ⋅kg

-1

M

r

==118g ⋅mol

-1

3. The average osmotic pressure of seawater is about 30.0 atm at 25℃. Calculate the concentration (molarity) of an aqueous solution of urea (NH2CONH 2)that is isotonic with seawater.

Solution: 30. 0atm ⨯

c (H 2NCONH

) =

∏RT

101. 3kPa 1atm

=3039kPa

3039kPa

2

=

8. 314kPa ⋅L ⋅K

-1

-1

mol

-1

⨯298K

=1. 23mol ⋅L

4. A quantity of 7.85g of a compound having the empirical formula C 5H 4 is dissolved 301g of benzene. The freezing point of the solution is 1.05℃ below that of pure benzene. What are the molar mass and molecular formula of this compound?

Solution: b B =

1. 05K 5. 10K ⋅kg ⋅mol

M

r

-1

=0. 206mol ⋅kg 7.85g

-1

=127g ⋅mol

-1

=

0. 301kg ⨯0.206mol ⋅kg

-1

-1

-1

Since the formula mass of C 5H 4 is 64g ⋅mol

the molecular formula of the compound is C 10H 8.

and the molar mass is found to be 127g ⋅mol ,

5. Ethylene glycol (EG) CH2(OH)CH2(OH), is a common automobile antifreeze. it is cheap, water-soluble, and fairly nonvolatile (b.p.197℃).Calculate the freezing point of a solution containing 651g of this

substance in 2505g of water. Would you keep this substance in your car radiator during the summer? The molar mass of ethylene glycol is 62.01g.

Solution: M (EG)=62.01g·mol

-1

b (EG ) =

651g/62.01g ⋅mol

2. 505kg

-1

-1

=4. 19mol ⋅kg

-1

∆T f =1. 86K ⋅kg ⋅mol

-1

⨯4. 19mol ⋅kg

-1

=7. 79K T f =-7. 79o C

-1

∆T b =0. 512K ⋅kg ⋅mol

⨯4. 19mol ⋅kg

=2. 15K T b =102. 15o C

Because the solution will boil at 102.15℃,it would be preferable to leave the antifreeze in your car radiator in summer to prevent the solution from boiling.

6. A solution is prepared by dissolving 35.0g of hemoglobin (Hb) in enough water to make up one liter in volume.If the osmotic pressure of the solution is found to be 10.0mmHg at 25℃,calculate the molar mass of hemoglobin.

Solution: the concentration of the solution:

10.mmHg

=

8. 314kPa ⋅L ⋅mol

35.0g

5.38⨯10

-4

c (Hb ) =

ΠRT

-1

101.3kPa 760mmHg ⋅K

-1

⨯(273+25) K

4

-1

=5. 38⨯10

-4

mol ⋅L

-1

M (Hb ) =

mol ⋅L ⨯1L

-1

=6. 51⨯10g ⋅mol

7. A 0.86 percent by mass solution of NaCl is called “physiological saline” because its osmotic pressure is equal to that of the solution in blood cell. Calculate the osmotic pressure of this solution at normal body temperature (37℃). Note that the density of the saline solution is 1.005g /mL.

0.86g

Solution: c (NaCl ) =100g

Π=ic B RT

⨯1.005g ⋅mL

-1

-1

58.5g ⋅mol

1000mL 1L

-1

=0. 148mol ⋅L

-1-1

= 2⨯0. 148m o l ⋅L -1⨯8. 314k P ⋅a L ⋅m o l ⋅K ⨯(273+37) K

= 763k P a

猜你想看
相关文章

Copyright © 2008 - 2022 版权所有 职场范文网

工业和信息化部 备案号:沪ICP备18009755号-3