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5个元音字母 5个元音字母的音标

发布时间:2019-07-25 09:24:42 影响了:

5个元音字母:Aa Ee Ii Oo Uu

一、时间名词前所用介词:

年月周前要用in,日子前面却不行。

遇到几号要用on,上午下午又是in。

要说某日上下午,用on换in才能行。

午夜黄昏须用at,黎明用它也不错。

at也用在明分前,说“差”可要用上to,

说“过”只可使用past,多说多练牢牢记,莫让岁月空蹉跎。

On Christmas Eve at 1:00(dawn,midnight,noon) at Christmas in(during)1988(December,the 20th century) 二、反身代词:

1、第一、二人称的反身代词是由形容词性物主代词加上-self或-selves构成的。如:

I—myself we—ourselves

You -- yourself you -- yourselves

2、第三人称的反身代词是由人称代词的宾格加上-self或-selves构成的。如:

she—herself he--himself

it--itself they--themselves one—oneself

enjoy oneself 玩得高兴;

help oneself (to) 随便用„„; hurt oneself 伤害自己; teach oneself 自学; get dressed oneself 自己穿衣

三、 名词复数规则

1. 一般情况下,直接加-s,

如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds

2.以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es, 如:bus-buses, box-boxes, push-pushes,

watch-watches class—classes

3.以o结尾的名词后面加s或es

photo—photos radio—radios zoo—zoos

tomato—tomatoes potato—potatoes

4.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,以元音字母加y结尾的名词直接加s

如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries

baby—babies boy—boys toy—toys

5.以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时: 加s或者去f,fe 加ves,或均可belief---beliefs roof---roofs

safe---safes knife---knives leaf---leaves

wolf---wolves

wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;

handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

5.不规则名词复数:

man-men woman-women policeman-policemen, mouse-mice child-children foot-feet

tooth-teeth fish-fish people-people,

Chinese-Chinese a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters

集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。

people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a

people,a police,a cattle,但可以说 a person,a

policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British, the Chinese,the Japanese 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。 如: The Chinese are industries and pave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如: -

a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。 news 是不可数名词。 the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 以复

数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。 "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. >是一本非常有趣的故事书。

表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes 若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼

写出下列各词的复数

I _________him _________this __________

watch _______child _______photo ________diary ______ day________ foot________ book_______ dress ________ tooth_______ sheep ______box_______ thief _______

peach______ sandwich______ man______ paper_______ juice______ water________ milk______ rice________

四、动词+s的变化规则

1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks milk-milks

2.以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes

3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:

study-studies

写出下列动词的第三人称单数

drink ________ go _______ stay ________ make ________ look _________ have_______ pass_______ carry ____

come________ watch______ plant_______ fly ________ study_______ push________ do_________ teach_______

五、动词加ing的变化规则

1.一般情况下,直接加ing,如:cook-cooking

2.以不发音的e结尾,去e加ing,如:make-making, taste-tasting

3.如果末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母,双写末尾的辅音字母,再加ing,如:run-running, stop-stopping 现在进行时专项练习:

写出下列动词的现在分词:

play_______ run_________ swim_________ make_________ go_________ like________ write_______ read_______ have_________ sing________ dance_________

六、动词过去式变化规则:

1.一般在动词末尾加-ed,如:pull-pulled, cook-cooked watched, planted, watered, pulled, climbed, picked

2.结尾是e加d,如:taste-tasted liked, moved, tasted。

3.末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ed,如:stop-stopped

4.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i, 再加-ed,如:study-studied

5.以1个元音字母加1个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节,双写最后一个辅音字母再加ed,如stop——stopped。

sit——sat throw——threw am, is—— was drink——drank draw —— drew are —— were

sing——sang fly ——flew do —— did

begin —— began grow —— grew have, has —— had-

swim —— swam put —— put may —— might give —— gave cut —— cut can —— could ring —— rang let —— let shall ——should run —— ran read —— read will —— would

ride —— rode catch —— caught go —— went

write—— wrote teach —— taught eat —— ate drive——drove

think——thought hear—heard

keep —— kept buy —— bought see —— saw

sleep —— slept fight —— fought find —— found-

sweep —— swept hold —— held wear —— wore feel —— felt tell —— told meet —— met come —— came get —— got mean —— meant

make —— made speak —— spoke become —— became

take —— took say —— said

七、形容词的比较级

1、形容词比较级在句子中的运用:两个事物或人的比较用比较级,比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more, a little 来修饰表示程度。than后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格)。

2.形容词加er的规则:

⑴一般在词尾加er ;

⑵以字母e 结尾,加r ;

⑶以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加er ;

⑷以“辅音字母+y”结尾,先把y变i,再加er 。

3.不规则形容词比较级:

good-better beautiful-more beautiful well-better, far-farther 写出下列形容词或副词的比较级

old______ young_____ tall_____ long_____

short________ strong_____ big_____ small_____

fat_____ thin______ heavy_____ light________

nice______ good___ beautiful_______ low______ 、

high_____ slow______ fast___ late______ early_____

far_____ well_______

八、人称代词 物主代词

主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 I me my mine

you you your yours

he him his his

she her her hers

it it its its

we us our ours

they them their theirs

现在(原形) 过去 -ing形(动名词)

am (be) was being are (be) were being be was, were being become became becoming begin began beginning bend bent bending

blow blew blowing buy bought buying catch caught catching choose chose choosing come came coming cut cut cutting do, does did doing draw drew drawing drink drank drinking eat ate eating

feel felt feeling find found finding fly flew flying forget forgot forgetting get got getting give gave giving

go went going

grow grew growing have, has had having hear heard hearing hurt hurt hurting keep kept keeping know knew knowing learn learned, learnt learning

let let letting lie lay lying

make made making may might -----

mean meant meaning meet met meeting

put put putting read read reading

ride rode riding ring rang ringing run ran running say said saying

see saw seeing sing sang singing

sit sat sitting sleep slept sleeping speak spoke speaking spend spent spending 基数词 序数词

zero one first two second

three third four fourth five fifth six sixth seven seventh eight eighth nine ninth ten tenth eleven eleventh twelve twelfth thirteen thirteenth fourteen fourteenth fifteen fifteenth seventeen seventeenth eighteen eighteenth nineteen nineteenth twenty twentieth

thirty thirtieth forty fortieth fifty fiftieth sixty sixtieth seventy seventieth eighty eightieth ninety ninetieth

hundred hundredth

Monday [/B](星期一)[/B]Tuesday [/B](星期二)

[/B] Wednesday [/B](星期三)[/B] [/B]

Thursday[/B](星期四)[/B] Friday [/B](星期五)

[/B] Saturday [/B](星期六)[/B] [/B]

Sunday [/B](星期天) [/spring[/B](春天)

[/B] summer[/B](夏天)[/B] fall[/B](秋天)

[/B] [/B]

winter[/B](冬天) [/B]season[/B]季节)

[/B] Jan./January[/B](一月)[/B] Feb./Fepuary[/B](二月)[/B] Mar./March[/B](三

月) [/B]Apr./April[/B](四月)[/B] May[/B](五月)[/B] June[/B](六月)[/B] July[/B](七月)

[/B] Aug./Augest[/B](八月)

[/B] Sept./September[/B](九月)[/B] [/B]

Oct./October[/B](十月) [/B]Nov./November[/B](十一月)[/B] [/B] Dec./December[/B](十二月)

一、名词复数规则

1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds

2.以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, push-pushes, watch-watches

3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries

4.以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives

5.不规则名词复数:

man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen,

policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice ;child-children;

foot-feet,; tooth-teeth

fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 写出下列各词的复数

I _________him _________this ___________her ______

watch _______child _______photo ________diary ____

be 是——was, were——being

begin 开始——began——beginning

build 建筑——built——building

buy 买——bought——buying

can 能——could——无

come 来——came——coming

copy 拷贝——copied——copying

do 做——did——doing

draw 画——drew——drawing

drink 喝——drank——drinking

drive 驾车——drove——driving

eat 吃——ate——eating

feel 感觉——felt——feeling

find 找寻——found——finding

fly飞——flew——flying

forget 忘记——forgot——forgetting

get 得到——got——getting

give 给予——gave——giving

go 去——went——going

grow 成长——grew——growing

have 有——had——having

hear 听——heard——hearing

keep 保持——kept——keeping

know 知道——knew——knowing

learn学习—learnt, learned——learning

let 让——let——letting

make 做——made——making

may 可以——might——无

mean 意思——meant-meaning

meet 见面——met——meeting

must 必须——must——无

put 放——put——putting

read 读——read——reading

ride 骑——rode——riding

ring 响——rang——ringing

run 跑——ran——running

say 说——said——saying

see 看见——saw——seeing

sing 唱歌——sang——singing

sit 坐——sat——sitting

sleep 睡觉——slept——sleeping

speak 讲话——spoke——speaking

spend 花钱——spent——spending

stand 站立——stood——standing

sweep 打扫——swept——sweeping

swim 游泳——swam——swimming

take 拿到——took——taking

teach 教——taught——teaching

tell 讲述——told——telling

think 思考——thought——thinking

will 意愿——would——无

write 写——wrote——writi

名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下:

1. 一般的名词词尾直接加-s 。如:

book → books room → rooms

house → houses day → days

2. 以s, ss, ch, sh, x 结尾的名词,在词尾加-es 。如:

bus → buses glass → glasses

watch → watches

dish → dishes box → boxes

3. 以"辅音字母+y"结尾的名词,要先将y改为i再加-es。如:

city → cities body → bodies

factory → factories等等。

4. 以f 或fe 结尾的名词,要将f或fe改为v再加-es。如:

half → halves leaf → leaves

knife → knives wife → wives

5. 特例 [悄悄话:特例常常考,要记住。] ① child → children

② man → men woman → women

policeman → policemen

(规律:man → men)

③ tomato → tomatoes

potato → potatoes

[悄悄话: 初中英语以o 结尾的名词变复数时只有这两个词加-es,其余的当然加-s喽!如:photo → photos ]

④ foot → feet tooth → teeth

[悄悄话: oo变成ee。]

⑤ sheep, Chinese, Japanese单、复数同形 [悄悄话:变复数时词形不变。]

⑥ people单数形式表示复数意义,要求谓语动词用复数; people的复数形式peoples通常指"多个民族"。

三、 不可数名词的家务事

1. 不可数名词没有复数,当它作句子的主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。如:

The food is very fresh. 食品很新鲜。

2. 有的不可数名词也可以作可数名词,有复数形式,但他们的意义往往发生变化。如:

water (水) → waters (水域)

orange (橘汁) → oranges (橘子)

3. 很多的不可数名词表示泛指时为不可数,表示种类时就可数,但意义大多不发生变化。如:

fruit → fruits food → foods

fish → fishes hair → hairs

一、可数名词是可以用来计数的名词。可数名词有单数和复数形式。如:desk-desks, apple-apples等。不可数名词是不可以直接用来计数的名词。不可数名词没有复数形式,只有单数形式。如:some pead, a little milk等。

二、单数可数名词表示泛指时,前面要用不定冠词a(an),表示特指时,前面要用定冠词the; 而不可数名词前不能用a(an)修饰,表示特指时,前面一定要用定冠词the。如:

He is a factory worker. 他是一名工人。 No one can see air. 没有人能看见空气。

三、可数名词和不可数名词前都可以用some, any, a lot of, lots of 等来修饰,表示"一些,许多"。如: There are some oranges on the desk. 桌子上有一些桔子。

There is a lot of water in the bottle. 瓶里有许多水。

四、可数名词前可用具体的数词来表示具体的数量。如:two apples, four books等。不可数名词前

通常用"单位词+of"来表示数量。如: a piece of paper, three pieces of paper等。

五、可数名词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数与主语的单复数保持一致。如:

This picture is very beautiful. 这幅画很美。 不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式,但是不可数名词前有复数"单位词"时,谓语动词要用复数形式。如:

There are two cups of tea on the table. 桌上有两杯茶。

六、对可数名词前的修饰语提问用how many; 对不可数名词前的修饰语提问用how much。 如:

How many apples are there in the box?盒子里有多少个苹果?

How much tea is there in the cup?杯里有多少茶水?

注意:对不可数名词前的"单位词"的修饰语提问时,疑问词用how many。 如:

How many pieces of pead are there on the plate?盘子里有多少片面包?

善问大王:名词可数不可数有这么多的注意点啊!这下我可全知道了!Thank you very much. Mr Zhang! Mr Zhang:You"re welcome.

一、名词词尾加"s的所有格

1. 一般情况在名词后加"s。例如:

That girl"s coat is in the room. 那个女孩的衣服在房间里。

2. 在以s结尾的名词(包括以s结尾的复数名词)后面,只加 "。 如果复数名词不是以s结尾的,末尾也要加"s。例如:

Today is September 10th, Teachers" Day. 今天是九月十日,教师节。

Children"s Day is coming, I should buy

something new for my son. 儿童节马上就要到了,我应该为我的儿子买一些新东西。

3. 表示词组内的并列名词各自的所有关系时,须在各个名词后加"s;如果一个东西为两个人或者两个以上的人共同拥有,只在最后一个名词后面加"s。例如: They are John"s and Kate"s rooms. How

beautiful they are! 这是约翰和凯特的房间。它们(指房间)太漂亮了!

He is Lily and Lucy"s father. 他是莉莉和露西的爸爸。

4. 表示某人的家、店铺等的所有格,一般可以省略它后面所修饰的名词。例如:

My father and I will have dinner at the

Johnson"s (home ). 我爸爸和我将要去约翰逊的家吃晚饭。

We will have our hair cut at the barber"s (shop) tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我们要去理发店理发。

5. 有些指时间、距离、国家、城镇等的名词,也可以加"s构成所有格。例如:

There is something important in today"s newspaper. 今天的报纸上有一些重要的东西。

It"s about ten minutes" walk from school to our home every day. 每天从学校到我们家步行大约需要十分钟。

6. 英语名词所有格修饰的词,如果前面已经提到过,后面则可以省略,以防止重复。例如:

This is not Dick"s dictionary, but is Tom"s. 这不是迪克的字典,但是是汤姆的。

二、由of短语构成的所有格

1. 表示“无生命的名词”一般与of构成短语,表示所有关系。例如:

There is a river on the other side of the road. 在公路的另一边有一条河。

2. 有时我们用名词 + of +名词所有格构成双重所有格的形式。例如:

This is a photo of Mr Brown"s. 这是一张布朗先生的照片。

some和any都有"一些"的含义,都能修饰可数名词和不可数名词,但用法却大有不同。

some 一般用在肯定句中。

如: There are some girls in the classroom. 教室里有一些女孩。

some有时也用于疑问句,表示期望得到肯定回答,并不表示对某事有疑问。

如: Will you give me some ink? 请给我一些墨水好吗?

any一般用于疑问句和否定句中。

如: Are there any maps on the wall? 墙上有地图吗? There aren"t any trees behind the house. 房子后面没有树。

请用some和any填空,使句意完整。

1. Are there ______ bananas in the bag?

2. There are ______ goats under the tree.

3. There aren"t ______ people on the bus.

4. There are ______ roses on the table.

你有多少本故事书?

【误】 How many storybook do you have?

【误】 How much storybook do you have?

【正】 How many storybooks do you have?

他想要多少块面包?

【误】 How many piece of pead does he want?

【误】 How much piece of pead does he want?

【正】 How many pieces of pead does he want?

【弟弟how much】 Hello, everyone! 我是弟弟

how much , 在"多少"的问题上我与我哥哥是不同的,

我用于修饰不可数名词,可是,how many有时也要插

进来,这可是错误的呀!不可数名词是我how much的

专利。不信,你们瞧:

你需要多少肉?

【误】 How many meat do you need?

【正】 How much meat do you need?

请大家评评理,看看我们到底谁对!另外,我能问

"多少钱",我哥哥可以吗?如:

How much was your pen? 你的钢笔多少钱?

How much are those things? 那些东西多少钱?

一、名词复数规则

1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags,

cat-cats, bed-beds

2.以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes,

push-pushes, watch-watches

3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:

family-families, strawberry-strawberries

4.以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:

knife-knives

5.不规则名词复数:

man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen,

policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice

child-children

foot-feet,.tooth-teeth

fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese,

Japanese-Japanese

4、(a) few (a) little

① few 的搭配

●We had a good few letters this morning(很多).

●Not a few letters were written to the magazines. (不少)

● ---How many do you want ?

---Just a few, please. (不多)

quite a few (相当多)

only a few (只有几个,几乎没有)

② little 的搭配

●There’s only a little soup left.

● ---How much do you want ?

---Just a little, please. 5、much many

①(much /far) too much far too many

Your son got much (far) too much pocket money.

There are far too many accidents at this crossing.

②much修饰

●形容词和副词的比较级或最高级 ●比较级+不可

数名词

There’s much / far less water in the river than usual.

many修饰“比较级 + 可数 名词复数”

There are many / far more people than I expected.

1.He has ____a few

_____ friends there.

The lake is not near,so there’s few

____ people going swimming there.

few 极少,几乎没有

• a few 一点,一些,几个

• a few

• few

+ 可数名词

little几少,几乎没有

a little 一点点,一些

little

a little

+ 不可数名词

1. I like a __ little _____ sugar in my tea.

2. There are a __few_____ students eating lunch

now.

1. There are a __ little _____ chocolates left

in the box.

I usually only eat a __ little _____ at lunch time

1. There are only a __few_____ ships

left .

A ___few____ people were waiting for the bus

3.You have to hurry to school, there’s ____ little

____ time left.

4.He wanted to drink ____a_ little ______ orange

juice.

一.Some 的用法

1.some : adj.(多用于肯定句、希望得到对法肯定回答

的疑问句中)

1)修饰可数名词复数,指三个或三个以上,“一些、若

干”

eg. Some children like playing in the park.

Would you like some apples?

2)修饰不可数名词,“一些、若干”

eg. There is some water in the bottle.

Would you like some tea or coffee?

3)修饰可数名词单数,“未确指的人、事物或地点”

eg. Some man at the door is asking to see you.

2.some:pron. “一些人、一些物;有些人、有些物”

eg. There are many people in the park. Some are

walking. Some are talking.

eg. Some of the dumplings are made of shrimps.

二.Any 的用法

1.any:adj.(多用于否定句、疑问句)

1)修饰可数名词复数,“任何数目的人或物”

eg. I didn’t eat any apples.

eg. Are there any stamps in the drawer?

2)修饰不可数名词,“任何量的”

eg. Can you speak any French?

3)用于肯定句中修饰单数可数名词,“任何一个”

eg. Give me a pen ---any pen will be OK.

2.any:pron. “任何一个人/物”

eg. She didn’t spend any of the money.

总结:表示一些时,some用于肯定句和希望得到肯定回

答的疑问句中;any用于否定句和疑问句中

• 1. I want ___books to read. Do you have___?

• A. some; any B. any; some

C. any; any D. some; some

• 1)Ann has____ some ____ candies.

2) Bill doesn"t have_ any _______ money.

3) Sue will give us__ some ______ information.

4) There is_____ some ___ milk in the fridge.

5) There isn"t_______ any _ beer.

6) There aren"t_____ any ___ boys in my family.

7) Bill won"t give me____ any ____ help.

8) Ann shouldn"t smoke___ any _____ cigarettes.

9) Sue must do__ some ______ homework tonight.

10) My pother can"t speak___ any _____ Chinese.

11) My sister can speak_ some _______ Spanish.

12)would you like some ______ water to drink?

1. clothes, cloth, clothing

clothes 统指各种衣服,谓语动词永远是复数,cloth 指

布,为不可数名词 clothing 服装的总称,指一件衣服用 a

piece of, an article of

clothes cloth clothing dress 的区别

①、clothes

clothes和dress都可以表示“衣服”的意思。Clothes泛

指衣服,是只有复数形式的名词,主要指衣着的各个部分,

包括外套、西装、衬衣、裤子、裙、鞋、帽、内衣等,不指

一件衣服。如,He always wears dark clothes.他总是穿深色的

衣服。

Clothes只有复数形式,前面不能加 a ,this , that 和数词,但是可以加 many , these , those 等。

(错)this clothes , three clothes

(对)these clothes , many clothes

Clothes作主语时,后面的动词用复数形式。如,These clothes are new.这些衣服是新的。

要表达“一件衣服”用 a suit of clothes

put on one’s clothes 穿衣服,take off one’s clothes 脱衣服

She bought a good many clothes .

She often wears beautiful clothes .

clothe 是及物动词“给„„穿衣,供养,笼罩”

He has to work hard to feed and clothe his large family .

Now they are able to feed and clothe their children properly .

The trees are clothed in green leaves . 树上披上了绿装。

②、Dress

Dress所表示的范围较窄,指外面穿着的衣服(外衣),有修饰的意味,指外出应酬和社交的衣服(礼服,盛装);

尤其指妇女的连衣裙及某种特殊场合下穿的服装(礼服)。如:

evening dress晚礼服 。此时,dress为可数名词。Dress也可作不可数名词,统一指男女的外衣。如,

Who’s that girl in red dress? 穿一身红衣服的那个女孩是谁?

Mr Wang cares little about dress.王老师不太注意穿着。

dress 作为可数名词是女人或者孩子穿的衣服,a dress

通常指 an article of women"s clothing .

The person opposite the street , who wears a dress , is a woman , not a man .

dress 可以构成特殊的服装,如 national dress 民族服装,evening dress 夜礼服,court dress法官服

③、Cloth

cloth指做衣服用的材料(布料、毛料、丝绸等),它是物质名词,不可数,没有复数形式。如:

a piece of cloth一块布料(不能说a cloth)

How much cloth does it take to make a coat for the child?

给这个孩子做件上衣要多少布?

注意 cloth指“具体用途的布”时,是可数名词。如:

a table cloth一块桌布 a dish cloth擦盘子的布,two table cloths

Have you any cloths for polishing the furniture ? 你有擦家具的布吗

This woman cleaned the floor with an old cloth .

④、Clothing

clothing是衣服、服装的总称,指除衣裤外还包括帽子、鞋袜等。集体名词,只有单数形式。作主语时,谓语动词用

单数形式,(如:food, clothing and shelter衣、食、住)不能说 a suit of clothing , 但可以说 an article of clothing , two articles of clothing 一件(二件)衣服。

Our clothing protects us from the cold . 我们的衣服为我们御寒。

The shop sells women’s clothing . 这家商店出售妇女服装。

A coat is an article of clothing.上衣是一件衣服。

首先应区分开 cloth 与 clothes / clothing:cloth表示“布”、“衣料”,是不可数名词。如:

She bought some cloth to make herself a dress. 她买了些布要给自己做一件连衣裙。

表示用作某种特殊用途的布(如:桌布,台布,揩布等),是可数名词。如:

Clean the windows with a soft cloth. 用块软布擦窗子。

clothes 和 clothing 均可表示“衣服”,用作“衣服”的统称,但在用法上有差别:

1.clothes 是一个没有单数形式的复数名词, 其前不可加不定冠词,也不可加数词,但可用 some, these, those, many, few 等词修饰。如:

正:those clothes / few clothes / many clothes

误:a clothes / two clothes / three clothes

2. clothing 是不可数名词。如:

They wear very little clothing. 他们衣服穿得很少。

3. 比较而言:clothes 的含义比较具体,而 clothing 的含义则比较抽象。从语体上看,clothing 比 clothes 更正式。比较:

I changed my clothes. 我换了衣服。

He is washing his clothes. 他在洗衣服。

Our clothing protects us against the cold. 我们的衣服可以御寒。

We are well provided with food and clothing. 我们吃得好,穿得好。

若不考虑其细微区别,两者常可换用(注:一个是复数,一个不可数)。如:

He spent a lot of money on clothes [clothing]. 他花了许多钱买衣服。

2. incident, accident

incident 指小事件, accident 指不幸的事故 He was killed in the accident.

incident表示某事件的变数插曲,或者某种可预知的灾难。

accident表示突发性的偶然事件,发生率更小一点。happy accident就是意外收获,偶然发现

incident,accident和event都可作“事件”讲,但有区别:incident通常指任何不是很重要的事件,还可指政治上的事件或事变;accident通常指偶然发生的不幸事件;event指重要事件,特别是有历史意义的重大事件。

3. amount, number

amount 后接不可数名词,number 后接可数名词 a number of students

这一对词都能用作名词和动词,又都表示"数目"、"总数"之意,故很易混淆。

①.它们之间的区别是,amount用于不可数名词,表示"量"; number用于可数名词,表示"数"。

例:

He has contributed a considerable amount of money to the Chinese University of Hong Kong.(amount为名词)

他捐了一笔为数可观的钱给香港中文大学。

Our expenditure amounts to fifty thousand dollars a month.(amount为动词)

我们每月的开支达五万元。

Every year the Hong Kong Book Fair draws a large number of visitors.(number为名词)

每一年香港的书展吸引了大量的观众。

②.Amount除作"数量"、"总额"解外,亦可表示"价值"之意。

例:

Your information is of little amount.(名词)

你的情报没有什么价值。

It is unlikely that the forthcoming talks will amount to very much.(动词)

看来即将举行的会谈不会有多大意义。

③.与amount一词搭配使用的字很多,常用的有:

respectable~(相当大的数量);

trifling~(微不足道的数额);

approved~(核准的数额);

vast~(大量);

average~(平均数);

aggregate~(总额);

required~(所需数);

proper~(适量)

④.与number搭配的形容词亦不少,常见的有:

round ~(整数);

serial~(编号);

small~(为数不多); astonishing~(数目惊人); even~(偶数); odd~(奇数); high~(大数); low~(小数); huge(immense)~(巨大的数量);

limited~(有限的数目);

maximum~(最大量);

minimum~(最小量);

cardinal~(基数);

ordinal~(序数);

atomic~(原子序数)

4. family, house, home

home 家,包括住处和家人,house 房子,住宅,family

家庭成员。My family is a happy one.

family、house和home都与“家”有关,但所指对象和用法不同。

①、family的意思是“家庭、家庭成员”,与居住的房子无关。

当family作为整体概念的“家庭”讲时是单数;当“家庭成员”讲时是复数,如:

Mr.Richard’s family is very large.

(理查德先生家里的人很多。)(单数)

My family are very well.

(我家里人都很好。)(复数)

②、house的意思是“房屋、住宅”,一般对家人所居住的建筑物而言。

如:

There are many new houses in our village.

(我们村里有很多新房子。)

③、home的意思是“家”,主要指一个人出生或居住的地方,房屋是其中的一部分,因而也有“家乡、故乡”的意思,它具有house所没有的感情色彩(如“团聚”、“思念”等),如:

East or West,home is best.

(金窝银窝不如自己的草窝。)

5. sound, voice, noise

sound 自然界各种各样的声音,voice 人的嗓音,noise 噪音

I hate the loud noise outside.

这是一组与“声音”有关的名词,在使用上有区别。

sound泛指任何声音,不论其高低、是否悦耳等。如:

I heard the sound of running water. 我听见流水声。

Light travels faster than sound. 光比声音传播得快。

noise表示“噪音、喧闹”,指的是人们不愿听到的声音或嘈杂声。它可以作可数名词,也可以用作不可数名词。如:

I heard some strange noises last night. 昨夜我听见一些奇怪的响声。

There"s a lot of noise here. 这个地方人声嘈杂。

voice用于人时,指说话、歌唱或发笑的声音,也可指发

言权。用于其它方面时,常含悦耳之声,如鸟鸣声,乐器声音等。如:

Please speak in a louder voice. 请大声说。

6. photo, picture, drawing

photo 用照相机拍摄的照片,picture 可指相片,图片,电影片,drawing 画的画

Let"s go and see a good picture.

①. photo多指“照片”。例如:

It"s a nice photo.这是一张好照片。

Are there any photos in the book?书里有照片吗?

“照相”应译为“take a photo(picture)”.

②. picture多指“图画”,也可指“照片”,常与photo互换,但photo不能作“图画”解。例如:

Is there a tree in the picture?画里有棵树吗?

May I take a picture for you?我给你照张相好吗?

③. drawing多指“线条图”、“素描”,如工程图、钢笔画和铅笔画等。例如:

Are there any photos in the book?书里有照片吗?

No, there aren"t any photos, but there are many drawings.没有,但有许多图。

7. vocabulary, word

vocabulary 词汇,一个人拥有的单词量,word 具体的单词 He has a large vocabulary.

vocabulary是指词汇或词汇量,要广义点。

①.He commands a large vocabulary.

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