[被动语态的几种特殊用法]被动语态特殊用法
被动语态的几种特殊用法
一、短语动词（“动词＋介词 / 副词”、“动词＋副词＋介词”），如： look after, laugh at, operate on, ping out, give up, put off, do away with, make up for, look down upon 等作谓语，变被动语态时，要把它们看作一个整体，其中的介词或副词不能漏掉。例如：
1. We look after the baby carefully. 我们小心地照看着婴儿。
The baby is looked after carefully.
2. The doctor operated on him at once. 医生立刻给他动了手术。
He was operated on at once.
二、感官动词（ see, watch, notice, hear, feel 等）和使役动词（ let, make, have 等）用在主动句中，要求后面接不带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语，但变被动语态时，要加上 to 。因为此时原宾语补足语就变成主语补足语了。例如：
3. I saw the boy play in the street. 我看见那个男孩在街上玩。
The boy was seen to play in the street.
4. She made me stand for 45 minutes. 她让我站了 45 分钟。
I was made to stand for 45 minutes.
三、带双宾语的句子变被动语态时，如果“直宾”作主语，通常要在“间宾”前加 to ，但当谓语动词为 make, mend, buy, pay, get, sing, cook, fetch, spare, find 等时，要在“间宾”前加 for 。例如：
5. They pass me a letter. 他们递给我一封信。
A letter is passed to me.
6. The mother bought her daughter a gift. 那位母亲给她女儿买了一件礼物。
A gift was bought for her daughter.
四、带复合宾语（宾语＋宾语补足语）的句子，即宾语和宾语补足语都是名词或代词充当的句子，变被动语态时，只能将宾语变为被动语态的主语，而宾补保留在谓语后面。例如：
7. They call the girl Lucy. 他们叫那个女孩露茜。
The girl is called Lucy.
五、当 anybody, anything 等不定代词作主动式否定句的宾语时，变被动语态时，应将其变为 nobody, nothing 作被动句的主语，而把被动句的谓语动词变为肯定形式。例如：
8. He hasn"t eaten anything until this morning. 到今天早上为止他什么都没吃。
Nothing has been eaten until this morning.
六、有些动词和动词短语是没有被动形式的，也不可用其过去分词作后置定语，如 arrive, die, become, disappear, happen, take place, peak out, belong to 等。例如：
9. The American Civil War poke out in 1861. 在 1861 年美国内战爆发了。
10. The accident which took place last week surprised us.
上星期发生的事件使我们很惊讶。
七、当谓语动词为 say, report, think, believe, expect, know, consider, suppose 等的句子变被动语态时，有两种形式：
A. 用 it 作形式主语，而真正的主语用从句的形式来表达，句型为： It is said / reported / supposed / believed that „（据说 / 据报道 / 据推测 / 有人相信„„）。例如：
11. People say that he is a doctor. → It is said that he is a doctor. 据说他是个医生。
B. 谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主语补足语。例如：
12. People say that he is a doctor. → He is said to be a doctor.
八、主动形式表被动意义的几种情况。
A. 一些及物动词，如 read, act, write, feel, sell, wear, wash, open, shout, clean, cook, keep, play, cut, fill, blow, measure, lock, allow, run, record, begin 等，在主语是物的句子里时，常用主动形式表被动意义。例如：
13. The story-book sells well. 这本故事书很畅销。
14. This pen writes smoothly. 这支钢笔很好用。
15. The machine runs well. 机器运转良好。
B. 一些表示状态特征的连系动词或一些感官动词，如 look, feel, smell, taste, sound, prove, appear 等充当系动词时，用主动形式表被动意义。例如：
16. The roses smell sweet. 玫瑰花闻起来很香。
17. Good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。
C. 动词不定式前有形容词 light, heavy, easy, difficult, expensive, fit, nice, interesting, dangerous, bitter 等，且与句子主语构成动宾关系时，用主动形式表被动意义。例如：
18. The old man is difficult to deal with.
那个老人很难应付。
19. The telephone number “ 119 ” is easy to remember.
电话号码 119 很好记。
D. 在“ This / That is + 名词”的句型中，修饰表语的不定式用主动形式表被动意义。例如：
20. This is a hard question to answer.
这是个很难回答的问题。
21. That is a nice place to visit.
那是个值得参观的好地方。
E. 作定语用的不定式的逻辑主语在句中作主语或宾语时，用主动形式表被动意义。例如：
22. I have a lot of work to do.