[教研资料句子的结构]关于教研的句子
句子的结构
一、简单句
简单句只包含一个主谓结构，并且各个结构都是由单词或短语组成，不包含任何从句。简单句有五种基本句型。
1. 主语+谓语(不及物动词)
The new term begins.
新学期开始了。
2. 主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语
The girl is learning to play the piano.
这个女孩在学弹钢琴。
3. 主语+连系动词+表语
Susan is a student.
苏珊是个学生。
4. 主语+谓语（及物动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语
He bought her a watch.
他给她买了一块表。
5. 主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+宾语补语
We all be lived you honest.
我们都认为你是诚实的。
二、并列句(简单句+连词+简单句)
并列句是由两个或多个简单句连接而成的。其中的各个简单句并列平行，同等重要，相互之 间没有从属关系，能够独立成句。它们之间要用连词连接。
并列句可分为四种：
1. 表示相同关系
用连词或逗号、分号连接构成并列句。常用连词有：and, not only...but also..., neither...nor... Her father is a teacher and her mother is a doctor.
她的父亲是老师，母亲是医生。
Susan not only runs fast, but also jumps high.
苏姗不但跑得快，而且跳得高。
I could neither swim nor skate.
我既不会游泳，也不会滑冰。
I wouldn"t see this film , it"s boring.
我不想看这个电影，它令人心烦。
2. 表示转折关系
常用连词有：but, still, yet, while, when等。
It was late at night, but he went on doing his homework.
夜已深了，但是他还在继续做作业。
She was busy cooking while they were watching TV.
她忙着做饭，而他们却在看电视。
The film is not perfect, still, it"s good.
这部影片虽然不是无可挑剔，但还是好的。
3. 表示选择关系
常用连词为：or, either...or...。
Would you have tea or coffee?
你是喝茶还是咖啡?
The teacher wanted to see either his father or mother.
老师要见一下他的父亲或是母亲。
Either this road or that on e can lead you to that hospital.
这条路或那条路都通往那家医院。
4. 表示因果关系
常用连词有for 和so 。
She soon fell asleep, for she was too tired.
她很快就睡着了，因为她太累了。
We hurried to the railway station, for there was little time for the train to leave.
我们急忙赶往车站，因为火车很快就要开了。
It was raining harder and harder, so we had to stay at home.
雨下得越来越大，所以我们只得呆在家里。
The teacher asked Susan to go, so she went.
老师让苏姗到她那去，因此她就去了。
三、复合句(主句+连词+从句)
包含一个主句，一个或一个以上的从句的句子叫复合句。从句从属于主句并充当主句的某一 成分，如主语，表语，宾语，定语，状语等。
1. 主语从句
主语从句就是从句作主语。它可作谓语动词的主语，也可作分词的主语。主语从句有三种
(1)由that 引导：
It is impolite that you talked so loud in the restaurant.
你们在餐馆那么大声音说话是极不礼貌的。
It is a great surprise that she won the champion.
她得了冠军，真是令人惊异。
(2)由what, whatever和whoever 等代词引导：
What she said just now is correct.
她刚才说的话很对。
What caused the air disaster is under the investigation.
究竟是什么导致了这次空难，正在调查。
Whatever you have seen must be kept in your mind.
不管你看到什么，都要记在心里。
Whoever peaks the world record will get one million yuan as an a ward.
任何打破世界纪录的人将得到一百万元奖金。
(3)由连接副词whether, how, when, why, where引导：
When the sports meet will be held isn"t decided.
什么时候开运动会还没有定下来。
Whether she can pass the exam is not sure.
她是否能够通过考试还没有把握。
How he arrived there is unknown to anybody.
他是如何到达那里的，没有人知道。
Why the fire poke out here in the workshop remains a mystery.
车间这里为什么会发生火灾仍是个谜。
注意：当主语从句过长而谓语较短时，通常用代词it 作形式主语， 而把从句放在句尾。 It remains a mystery that the air disaster took place that day.
那天发生的空难仍然是个谜。
It is uncertain whether we"ll attend the meeting or not .
我们是否参加那个会议还没有确定。
2. 宾语从句
这类从句常是这种结构：主句+引导句+从句，从句中始终用陈述语序。
(1)由that 引导(通常that 可以省略)
She is very sure that she can work out the problem.
她确信她能解出这道题。
She told me that she could finish it herself.
她跟我说她可以自己完成这件工作。
(2)由what, who, which等关系代词引导
We don"t understand what you said just now.
我们不明白你刚才说的话。
Tell me which you want?
告诉我你要哪一个?
Do you know who is the man over there?
你知道那边那个人是谁吗?
(3)由how, when, why, where引导宾语从句
They wanted to know when the building would be set up.
他们想要知道这座楼房何时建成。
Will you please tell me how I can get to the park?
请告诉我怎么走才能到公园好吗?
I wonder where she is now.
我想知道她现在在哪儿?
I don"t know why you dislike physics.
我不知道为什么你讨厌物理。
(4)一些形容词之后所接的句子也是宾语从句。这些形容词有：glad, sorry, sure , afraid, worried, angry, aware, confident等。
I"m glad that you"ve helped me a lot.
很高兴你给我这么大的帮助。
We are confident that we can beat them.
我们有信心打败他们。
The father was angry that his son failed to pass the maths exam.
这位父亲对他的儿子数学不及格很恼火。
I"m not sure if she has finished the painting.
我不清楚她是否完成了那幅作品。
注意：当宾语从句过长时，可用it 作形式宾语而将从句放在句子后 面。
She thought it pity that I had missed the chance.
她认为我错过了那个机会非常可惜。
I found it very easy that I worked out the problem .
我觉得很容易地就做出了这道难题。
The manager made it clear that your idea was impossible .
经理已明白地指出你的想法不能实现。
3. 定语从句
以从句的形式修饰或限定主句中的名词、代词、短语等的句子，叫作定语从句。
定语从句通常用关系词(关系代词和关系副词) 把它与主句连接起来。它在句中所修饰和限定 的>词或短语称为先行词。
引导定语从句的关系代词有：who(指人，在从句中作主语或宾语) ，whom(指人，作宾语) ，whose(指人，作定语) ，that(可指人或物) ，which(指物) 。
引导定语从句的关系副词有：when(指时间) ，where(指地点) ，why(指原因) 。这些关系副词 相当于(介词+which)。例如：
when=in(on，at ，during)+which
where=in(at，to)+which
why=for which
(1)关系代词在从句中作主语、表语、宾语或定语；关系副词在从句中作状语。
作主语：The woman who is talking to the teacher is her mother.
正在跟老师说话的那个女人是她的母亲。
The boy who played the piano on the stage yesterday is Mr. Li"s s on.
昨天在台上弹钢琴的那个男孩儿是李先生的儿子。
作定语：Chaplin was a great actor whose name is well known all over the world.
卓别林是一位闻名于全世界的伟大的演员。
Do you know the man whose son is your schoolmate?
你认识那个他的儿子是你同学的男人吗?
作宾语：I am looking for the bike (that) I put here yesterday.)
我正在找昨天我放在这里的自行车。
These are the reference books (that) I bought for you yesterday.
这些是我昨天给你买的参考书。
作状语：
指时间：
Jack wasted much time on those days when he was in the middle school.
杰克上中学的时候，浪费了许多时光。
It was in 1937 when Japanese soldiers poke into the city Beiping.
日本鬼子闯入北平城是在一九三七年。
指地点：
This is the place where the composer Beethoven was born.
这就是作曲家贝多芬出生的地方。
Have you been to the seaside where we can enjoy swimming?
你去过那处我们可以尽情游泳的海滨吗?
指原因：
Do you know (the reason) why she was so sad?
你知道她为什么这样伤心吗?
Who can tell me why it"s so unfair?
谁能告诉我为什么老天爷如此不公平?
That"s(the reason)why he was absent.
这就是他缺席的原因。
注意： ①当先行词被first ，last 这类词或最高级修饰时，一律都用that 而不用which 或who
(不管 先行词是指人还是物) 。
This is the most beautiful picture that I have ever seen!
这是我所看见过的最美的画!
I"m the only one that you can rely on.
我是你唯一能够依靠的人。
②当先行词为all ，no ，any ，only ，little ，much ，something ，anything ，nothing ，everything 等不定代词的时候，必须用that 作引导词引导定语从句。
There is nothing that she can say to you.
她对你没有什么话可说。
She is not interested in anything (that) he has told her.
她对他告诉她的任何事情都不感兴趣。
(2)介词前置的定语从句
关系代词which 和whom 还可以作介词的宾语，这时要把介词放在整个定语从句的前面。 Is this the school in which you studies?
(in which=where)
这是你上学的学校吗?
The man on whom the whole family rely died in a traffic accident yesterday.
那个全家人依靠的顶梁柱昨天死于一场交通事故。
关系代词that 和关系副词when ，where 等都不能作介词的宾语。
The house in which they are living was built 50 years ago.
他们现在正居住的房子是50年以前建的。(不能说：The house in that they are living w as built 50 years ago.)
如果不用关系词，介词要放在从句句尾。
The house they are living in was built 50 years ago.
他们现在居住的房子建于50年以前。
(3)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
从句与主句关系密切，没有从句主句不能成立，这样的句子为限制性定语从句；
从句与主句关系松散，对主句只起补充和说明的作用，没有从句主句仍然成立，这样的句 子叫非限制性定语从句。该从句要用逗号与主句分开。
Her boyfriend who is working apoad will return home next week.
(限制性从句)
她的在国外工作的男友下周要回国。
Her boyfriend, who works apoad, will return home next week.
(非限制性从句)
她的男友下周回国，他在国外工作。
(补充说明她的男友在国外工作这一情况)
Those boys and girls who wanted to go hiking were very joyful.
想去野游的同学们都非常高兴。
Those boys and girls, who wanted to go hiking, were very joyful.
那些同学很高兴，他们要去野游。
4. 表语从句
以从句的形式作表语，叫表语从句。
表语从句常以that ，what ，why ，where 和how 等关系代词或关系副词引导。
(1)that，if ，whether 可以引导表语从句，但有时也用because ，as ，as if，as though等引导表
语从句。
The reason is that he kept working hard at his studies all the time.
原因是他一直刻苦学习。
My idea is that you should eat less and take more exercise.
我的看法是你应少吃多活动。
It looks as if it will clear up.
看起来天要晴了。
Why did she leave?
It is because she was annoyed at your word.
她为什么走了?
因为她非常烦你说的话。
(2)用what ，who ，which 等连接代词引导：
That"s what I want to say.
那就是我所要说的话。
The question is who will be sent there.
问题是要派谁去那里。
His trouble is which colour he should choose for her.
他发愁该为她选择哪种颜色。
(3)用when ，how ，where ，why 等连接副词引导：
The problem is how we can find out the reason.
问题是我们怎样才能找出原因。
That is why he came to see you last week.
那就是为什么他上星期来看你的原因。
5. 状语从句
按照它们在句中的作用，状语从句可分为九种：时间，地点，原因，条件，方式，让步，比 较，结果，目的状语从句。(详细情况参考第十二章连词)
(1)时间状词从句
引导时间状语从句的连词有：when ，while ，before ，after ，till(until)，as ，since ，a s soon as，once(一旦) ，now that(既然) ，whenever ，during the time(在……期间) 等。
Tell him to come to me when you see him.
你看见他时，让他到我这儿来一趟。
Strike while iron is hot.
趁热打铁。
She won"t go back home until the rain stops.
她要等到雨停了才回家。
注意：主句是将来时，从句要用一般现在时。
(2)地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的连词为：where ，wherever 。
Where there is smoke, there is fire.
无风不起浪。
He is now living in a house where Lu Xun once lived.
他现在住在一所鲁迅曾经居住过的房子里。
Wherever he went, he always took an umpella with him.
不管他到哪里去，他总是随身带着一把伞。
(3)原因状语从句
通常引导原因状语从句的连词有：because ，for ，as ，since ，now that等；而in that，fo r the reason that，seeing (that)，considering (that)等引导状语从句，多用于书面语 。
She didn"t get on that bus because it was too crowded.
她没有上那辆公共汽车，因为车上太挤了。
They hurried to finish their work, for it was getting dark.
他们赶忙结束自己手里的活，因为天快黑了。
As I knew nothing about him, I didn"t say anything to the policeman.
由于我对他的情况一无所知，我没有对警察说什么。
Since it was raining, I had to stay at home.
由于下雨，我只好呆在家里。
注意：because ，for ，as ，since 强调原因的程度，依次递减；because 强调直接的原因，for 表示附加的或推断的原因，as 表示明显的原因，since 表示众所周 知的原因。
另外，凡用because 的句子，都不再用so 。
Now that you"ve been to America, tell us something about it.
既然你去过美国，给我们讲讲那里的情况。
Seeing that the woman was in need of help, we went up to her.
看到那位妇女需要帮助，我们朝她走过去。
注意：当原因状语从句的主语与主句的主语相同时，可以使用介词短 语、分词短语或不定式短语代替从句。
He was blamed for being late again. (介词短语)
(He was blamed because he was late again.)
他因再次迟到而受到责备。
Being worried about her daughter, she decided to go there to see what happened. (分词短语) (Because she was worried about her daughter, she decided to go t here to see what happened.) 由于担心她的女儿，她决定亲自去那里看看发生了什么事。
She was foolish to have given him so much money. (不定式 短语)
(She was foolish because she gave him so much money.)
她真蠢，给了他那么多钱。
(4)条件状语从句
表示主句谓语动作发生的条件、推测或意愿。常用的连词有：if ，unless ，suppose ，as far as，as long as，in case，except ，on condition(that)等。这类从句中，如果主句用一般将来时，从句应该用一般现在时。
If you don"t hurry, you will miss the train.
如果你不快一些，你就赶不上那趟火车了。
Unless you work harder at your study, you won"t be able to get t he diploma.
除非你在学习上更努力一些，否则你不能拿到文凭。
Suppose she doesn"t come, what shall we do?
假如她不来，我们怎么办?
She is quite a kind woman, as far as I know.
据我所知，她是一个非常贤惠的女人。
(5)方式状语从句
引导方式状语从句的连词有：as ，as if，as though，in the way等。
She looked at me as if I was a stranger.
她看看我就好像我是一个陌生人。
Do as what he said.
照他说的做。
注意：不定式或分词短语可以代替方式状语从句。
The man locked the door quickly, as if trying to stop someone from getting in.(分词短语) 那人把门迅速地锁上，就好像防止什么人进去。
He pointed to the house as if to say something.(不定式短语。)
他指着那所房子，像是要有什么话说。
(6)让步状语从句
引导让步状语从句的连词有：although (though)； however ，when ，while 等；连接代词what ever ，whoever ，whichever 等；短语even if，even though，no matter what (how，which ，who) 等。though 不能与but 连用。
Although it was raining, the football game went on.
尽管正下着雨，足球比赛继续进行。
However delicious the food was, she refused to eat.
无论这些食品有多么好吃，她都不吃。
While I admit that we haven"t much money, I don"t think we can"t do anything.
虽然我承认我们没有多少钱，但是我认为还是可以做一些事情的。
Old as he is, he tries to do something helpful.
虽然他年岁已经很大了，但他还在尽力做一些助人的好事。
(7)比较状语从句
常用的连词有as...as ，not as...as，than 等。
He is much cleverer than I expected.
他比我原来预料的要聪明得多。
This kind of cloth feels as soft as silk.
这种料子摸上去就如丝绸一般柔软。
The more she thought about it, the happier she was .
她越想这件事，便越觉得高兴。
(8)结果状语从句
引导结果状语从句的连词常用的有：that ，so that，such...that ，but(that)等。
Riding the motorbike is so dangerous that his father refuses to buy one for him.
驾驶摩托车太危险，他父亲不给他买。
He went upstairs without shoes so that there was no sound heard.
他脱掉了鞋上楼，以便没有人听见声音。
It is such a good opportunity that you can"t miss it.
这是一个绝好的机会，你绝不能放过。
注意：结果状语从句与几种不定式形式的转换：
①...enough+for名词(代词)+to do...与从句的转换：
→The sitting-room is so large that it can hold a t least twenty people to have a party.
The sitting-room is large enough for twenty people to have a party.
这间客厅很大，能容纳20个人聚会一下。
He drove so fast that she was frightened.
→He drove fast enough for her to be frightened.
他把车开得很快，以致把她吓坏了。
②从句与主句为同一主语时，从句可与下列不定式形式转换：enough to...，so...as to ，such...as to ，too...to...
Susan was so clever that she worked out the problem within three minutes.
→Susan was clever enough to work out the problem within three minutes .
苏姗非常聪明，在三分钟之内就做出了那道难题。
→His car is in such bad condition that it has to be repaired in the garage.
His car is in such bad condition as to be repaired in the garage.
他的车的车况太差，得去修理厂大修一下。
She is so tired that she can"t go any farther.
→She is too tired to go any farther.
她太累了，连一步也走不动了。
(9)目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that，in order that，that ，in case that，for fear t hat等等。 He came to me in order that he could borrow some money from me.
He came to me so that he could borrow some money from me.
他到我这儿来，为的是借一些钱。
Take the raincoat with you in case you might need it in rain.
带着这件雨衣吧，以防下雨时要用。
I won"t promise her anything for fear I can"t realize it.
我没有向她承诺任何事情，是我不能实现这种承诺
注意：介词for 和with 也可以表示目的，代替目的状语从句。例如
They do exercises every day so that they may keep themselves healthy.
→They do exercises every day for keeping themselves healthy.
She made friends with some Americans in order that she could learn English from them. →She made friends with some Americans for the purpose of learning English from them