[逻辑哲学论]逻辑哲学论 pdf

逻辑哲学论 维特根斯坦1 世界就是所有为真的一切。 ( The world is everything that is the case) 　1.1 世界是所有事实，而非事物，的总和。 (The world is the totality of facts，not of things ) 　　 1.11 世界是由事实所决定的，并且由全部事实所决定。 (The world is determined by the facts, and by these being all the facts.) 1.12 因为事实的总和既断定了什么是真的，也断定了什么不是真的。 (For the totality of facts determines both what is the case, and also all that is not the case.) 1.13 逻辑空间中的事实(所有为真的)就是整个世界 (The facts in logical space are the world) 1.2 世界可以分解为事实 ( The world divides into facts。) 1.2.1 任一事实或者为真，或者不为真，其它所有事实皆然。 (Any one can either be the case or not be the case, and everything else remains the same.) 　　******************************************************************* 　　　　第二节 2 那些为真的事实，是由原子事实组成的。 (What is the case，the fact, is the existence of atomic facts.) 2.01 一个原子事实是多个对象(或实体，事物)的组合。( object !!) (An atomic fact is a combination of objects(entities，things.) 2.011 事物的一个基本性质就是，它可以成为某个原子事实的一个组成部分 (It is essential to a thing that it can be a constitute part of an atomic fact) ...... 2.013 每个事物都是，正如假设的那样，处于一个由可能的原子事实空间之中；我可以 想象这样的空间为空，我却无法想象一个无原子事实空间可依的事物。 (Everything is, as it were, in a space of possible atomic facts; I can think of this space as empty, but not of the thing without the space.) 2.014 对象包含了事务的全部状态的可能性(?) (Objects contain the possibility of all states of affairs) ....... 2.02 对象是简单的(基本的) (The Object is simple.) 2.0201 每个关于复杂事物的陈述都可以分解为对其组成部分的陈述，而且能被分解成能完全描述这些复杂事物的陈述。 (Every statement about complexes can be analysed into a statement about their constituent parts, and into those propositions which completely describe the complexse.) 2.021 对象形成了世界的基础。因而它们不会是复合物。 (Objects form the substance of the world.　Therefore they cannnot be compound.) 2.022 尽管我们主观想象中的世界和现实的客观世界是不同的，但是它们之间显然有些东西――一种模式――是相同的。 (It is clear that however different from the real one an imagined world may be it must have somthing -- a form -- in common with the real world。) 2.023 这种固定不变的模式由对象组成。 (This fixed form consists of the objects) 　　2.026 只有存在对象，才能有一个固定模式的世界的存在。 (Only if there are objects can there be a fixed form of the world) 2.03 在原子事实中，对象如一条锁链相互连接。 (In the atomic fact objects hang one in another，like the links of a chain) 2.031 在原子事实中，对象以某种确定的方式相连。 (In the atomic fact the objects are combined in a difinite way) 2.032 原子事实中对象相互连接的方式即是原子事实的结构 (The way in which objects hang together in the atomic fact is the structure of the atomic fact) ...... 2.034 事实的结构存在于原子事实的结构之中 (The structure of the fact consists in the structures of the atomic facts) 2.04 存在的原子事实的总和即是世界 (The totality of existent atomic facts is the world) 2.05 存在的原子事实的总和也确定了那些原子事实不存在 (The totality of existence atomic facts also determines which atomic facts do not exist) ...... 2.1 我们为自己产生事实的图画。 (We make to ourselves picturesof facts) 　　2.12 那图画是现实的模型 The picture is a model of reality. 2.13 对象(现实世界中的)对应于那图画中的各元素。 To the objects correspond in the picture the elememts of the picture. 2.131 那图画中的各元素代表对象(现实世界中的) The elements of picture stand，in the picture，for the objects. 2.14 那图画的存在是由于这样一个事实: 它的各元素之间以某种固定方式相结合。 The picture consists in the fact that its elements are combined with one another in a difinite way. 2.141 那图画即是一个事实 The picture is a fact. 2.15 那图画的各元素以某种固定方式相结合，代表了事物(现实世界的)也是如此相结合的。 那图画的各元素的结合方式称为该图画的结构，该结构也称为该图画的表达模式。 That the elements of the picture are combined with one another in a difinite way， represents that the things are so combined with one another. This connexion of the elements of the picture is called its structure，and the possibility of this structure is called the form of representation of the picture. ...... 2.1511 这样，那图画与现实就联系起来了。 那图画就逼近现实了。 Thus the picture is linked with reality；it reaches up to it. 2.1512 它就象是现实按比例缩小的图形。 It is like a scale applied to reality. ...... 2.16 事实要想表达为图画，该图画和它之间必定要存在某种共同之处。 In order to be a picture a fact must have somthing in common with what it pictures. ...... 2.17 为了能够代表现实---正确或错误的---图画必须与现实保持一致的东西，是它的表达模式。 What the picture must have in common with reality in order to be able to represent after its manner---rightly or falsely -- is its form of representation. ...... 2.172 那图画却无法表达它自己的表达模式。 它只是将其径直显现出来。 The picture，however，cannot represent its form of representation. It shows it forth. ...... 2.18 为了能够代表现实---正确或错误的---无论何种模式的图画，它必须与现实保持一致的东西，是逻辑结构，即: 现实世界的模式。 What every picture，of whatever form，must have in common with reality in order to be able to represent it at all---rightly or falsely -- is the logical form，that is，the form of reality. 2.181 如果那表达模式是逻辑的模式，那么那图画也可以称为一幅逻辑图。 If the form of representation is the logical form，then the picture is called a logical picture. 2.182 每一副图也是一幅逻辑图。 (另一方面，并非每副图都是空间图) Every picture is also a logical picture.(On the other hand，for example，not every pivture is spatial) 　　2.19 逻辑图可以描述现实世界。 The logical picture can dipict the world. 2.2 那图画与它所描述的具有相同的逻辑表达模式 The picture has the logical form of representation in common with what it pictures. 2.21 那图画与现实或者一致，或者不一致；它或者正确，或者错误；或者为真，或者为假。 The picture agrees with reality or not；it is right or wrong；true or false. 　　2.22 那图画通过表达模式来描述世界，独立于它的真假。 The picture represents what it represents ，indepently of its truth or falsehood， through the form of representation. 2.221 那图画表达的是它的实际意思。 What the picture represents is its senses. 2.222 它的实际意思与现实相符或者不相符，从而它为真或者为假。 In the agreement or disagreement of its sense with reality， its truth or falsity consists. 2.223 要想知道图画是真还是假，必须将其与现实世界进行比较。 In order to discover whether the picture is true or false we must compare it with reality. ...... 　　****************************************************************************** 　　　　第三节 3 事实的逻辑图画就是思想。 The logical picture of the facts is the thought. 3.01 所有真的思想的总和就构成了整个现实世界一幅图画。 The totality of true thoughts is a picture of the world. 3.02 ......所有能被想象的也是可能的。 ......What is thinkable is also possible. 3.03 我们不能想象出不合逻辑的东西，因为那样一来我们将不得不进行不合逻辑的思维。 We cannot think anything unlogical，for otherwise we should have to think unlogically. ...... 　　****************************************************************************** 　　第四节 4 思想是有意义的命题 The thought is the significant proposition. 4.01 命题是现实的图画。 命题是我们想象的现实的模型。 The proposition is a picture of reality. The proposition is a model of the reality as we think it is. ...... 4.1 一个命题给出了一个原子事实的存在或是不存在。 A porposition presents the existence and non-existence of atomiac facts. 4.11 真命题的总体就是整个自然科学 The totality of true propositions is the total natural science. ...... 4.112 哲学的目标就是澄清思想。 　　　哲学不是一个理论，而是一种活动。哲学工作就是去阐明。 　　　哲学的结果不是一些样的) It is clear that ethics cannot be expressed. Ethics is transcendental. (Ethics and aesthetics are one.) ...... 6.432 世界如何存在，是与更高级的东西毫不相干的；上帝并不在世界中显现。 How the world is ，is completely indifferent for what is higher； God does not reveal himself in the world. 6.44 世界如何存在，并不神秘；神秘的是它的存在本身。 Not how the world is ，is the mystical，but it is. ...... 6.52 我们感到即便是所有的自然科学问题都被解答了，生活的意义仍然未被触及丝毫。 当然是没有任何问题可言了，这就是答案。 We feel that even if all possible scientific questions be answered，then the problem of life have still not been touched at all. Of course there is then no question left，and just this is the answer. 6.521 生活的意义问题的解决办法就是消除该问题。 The solution of the problem of life is seen in the vanishing of this problem. 6.522 实际上存在着不可表达的东西；这显示了它的存在；它是神秘的。 There is indeed the inexpressible。 This shows itself；it is the mystical. 　　6.53 哲学的正确方法应该是这样的。 除了能够说的东西之外――如自然科学的命题，即与哲学无关的问题――什么都不说；然后当某人想说出一些形而上的东西时，向他指出它的命题中存在着一些毫无意义的符号。 这方法可能不太令人满意――他会感到我们不是在教他哲学――但这是唯一严格的正确方法。 The right method of philosophy would be this. To say nothing except what can be said，i.e. the propositions of natural science，i.e. something that have nothing to do with pilosophy: and then always，when someone else wished to say something metaphysical，to demonstrate to him that he has given no meaning to certain signs in his rpopositions. This method would be unsatisfying to the other---he would not have the feeling that we are teaching him philosophy---but it would be the only strictly correct method. 6.54 我的观点是以这种方式表明的：最终真正理解了我的观点的人，当他通过它们，越过它们并高于它们的时候。会发现它们是毫无意义的，(这样说吧，他必须在爬过梯子之后将其扔掉) My propositions are elucidatory in this way: he who understands me finally recognises them as senseless，when he has climbed out through them，on them，over them. (He must so to speak throw away the ladder，after he has climbed up on it) 　　******************************************************************************* 　　 　　第七节 7 对于那些不可言说的，必须保持沉默。 Whereof one cannot speak，thereof one must be silent.