【Intercultures,Encyclopaedic,Knowledge,and,Cultural,Models】sandy英文名含义女生

　　Ⅰ. Introduction　　This paper discusses the nature,emergence and use of intercultures and their relation to encyclopaedic knowledge and cultural models in the framework of a sociocognitive approach to communication and pragmatics (Kecskes 2008;Kecskes & Zhang 2009;Kecskes 2010b)［13］.Intercultures as defined by (Kecskes 2011)［4］ are situationally emergent and coconstructed phenomena that rely both on relatively definable cultural models and norms as well as situationally evolving features.According to this definition interculturality has both relatively normative and emergent components.This approach somewhat differs from what other researchers views (e.g.Nishizaka 1995;BlumKulka et al.2008)［56］ in which it was pointed out (cf.Nishizaka 1995)［5］ pointed out that interculturality is a situationally emergent rather than a normatively fixed phenomenon.However,the sociocognitive approach (Kecskes 2008;Kecskes & Zhang 2009;Kecskes 2010b)［13］ to be explained later goes one step forward and defines interculturality as a phenomenon that is not only interactionally and socially constructed in the course of communication but also relies on relatively definable cultural models and norms that represent the speech communities to which the interlocutors belong. 
　　Intercultures are usually ad hoc creations.They are generated in a communicative process in which cultural norms and models brought into the interaction from prior experience of interlocutors blend with features created ad hoc in the interaction in a synergetic way.The result is intercultural discourse in which there is mutual transformation of knowledge and communicative behavior rather than transmission.
　　Encyclopaedic knowledge refers to the knowledge of the world as distinguished from knowledge of the language system.The encyclopaedic view represents a model of the system of conceptual knowledge that underlies linguistic meaning.This system plays a profound role in how human beings make sense in communication.Traditionally the division between the ontology and the lexicon illustrates the distinction between encyclopedic and dictionary knowledge.Dictionary knowledge is supposed to cover the idiosyncracies of particular words,whereas encyclopedic knowledge covers everything regarding the underlying concepts. In cognitive linguistics,however,meaning,emerging from language use,is a function of the activation of conceptual knowledge structures as guided by context.Consequently,there is no principled distinction between semantics and pragmatics (e.g.Evans 2006;Fauconnier 1997)［78］. In cognitive approaches practically no sentence encodes a complete thought.Certain processes of contextual fillingin are required before anything of a propositional nature emerges at all (Carston,1998)［9］. 