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【也谈英汉翻译中的望文生义】 望文生义的意思是什么

发布时间:2019-01-13 16:24:51 影响了:

  摘 要:我们要遵循严复的“信,达,雅”,或者尤金・奈达的“动态对等”,关键是我们不能“因辞害义”。有人会觉得这只不过是老生常谈罢了。但是在实际的翻译实践中就有人望文生义,想当然地贸然下笔,结果自己错了不说,还误导读者,造成了不好的影响。正如彼得・纽马克在谈论奈达的理论时感慨:“诚然,理论并没有对现代英语文学翻译产生多大影响。大多数作品缺少校订者来指摘明显的错误。
  关键词:翻译 正确理解 望文生义
  
  我们在翻译时首要的是正确理解原文,然后才谈得上进行双语之间的转换。如果我们连原文理解都不正确,就谈不上有正确的译文,更别说出色的译文了。然而就是有人仅仅满足于了解文章的字面意义,而忽略了上下文语境,曲解原文的真实意图。如果我们拘泥于原文的形式意义而不注意洞察字面以下的内容就容易“因辞害义”。
  我们首先来看几个例句:
  Collins Cobuild English Dictionary (1987 年版,第720页):
  You use “if not” to say that an amount, degree, time, etc might be even bigger, better, sooner, etc than the one you have mentioned.(该词条旁注:if not=perhaps)
  The first microchip can represent hundreds of thousands if not millions of pounds of investment. He is earning 50,000pounds a year, if not 60,000. I’d like to see you tonight, if not sooner.
  Cambridge International Dictionary(1995年版,第702页):
  例句:Such a mistake could cost us thousands, if not (=or possibly) millions of pounds.
  上述解释表明,我们对if not的理解不尽正确,它所表示的是递进或选择,而不是让步。上面的译文应分别改为:
  In Europe, Heath’s name was well known, if not a household word.
  在欧洲,希思的名字广为人知,也可以说家喻户晓。
  Such a mistake could cost us thousands, if not millions of pounds.
  这种失误可能造成我们几千镑,或许几百万镑的损失。”
  以上引自《翻译批评散论》(p108)。
  if not果真是如同作者所言,是表示递进吗?我们来查看其它的词典:
  Cambridge International Dictionary of English With Chinese Translation 《英汉双解剑桥国际英语词典》Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
  If not: Such a mistake could cost us thousands, if not (=or possibly) millions of pounds. 这样的错误会给我们造成上万,如果不是上百万英镑损失。
  在The New Oxford Dictionary of English中
  if not: perhaps even (used to introduce a more extreme term than one first mentioned): hundreds if not thousands of germs
  在《英语常见问题解答大词典》中,if not 也有解释:
  if not
  【问】A good teacher thinks that all of his students has good minds, at least as good as his, if not better. (TOEFL, 79.2-4)请问上句中的if作何解释?
  【答】上句中的作“即使”解,表示让步关系。全句可译为:
  好教师总是认为他所有的学生都有很好智力,即使不比他的好,至少跟他的一样好。
  从上面我们可以看出,if not前面的分句是说话者语义重点,后面只是表示还有其它的可能性。
  我们不妨把作者引用的词典中的解释翻译为中文:
  The first microchip can represent hundreds of thousands if not millions of pounds of investment.
  最初的微型芯片需要起码几十万英镑,即使不到几百万英镑的投资。
  He is earning 50,000pounds a year, if not 60,000.他现在一年起码挣5千英镑,即便没有6千英镑。
  I’d like to see you tonight, if not sooner.我打算今晚见你,如果不提早的话。
  由此可见,if not是表示让步,而不是如作者所言表示递进。Collins Cobuild English Dictionary与The New Oxford Dictionary of English的解释基本相同,都只是补充说明有更深程度的可能,而说话人要强调的是句子的前半部分。就在作者引用的Cambridge International Dictionary的双语注释版本中,其中文解释也是表示让步,而非递进。
  我们再来看关于not to say的几个例句:
  “The result is satisfactory, not to say the best one.
  这是一个可喜的,也可以说是最为圆满的结果。
  The answer is illogical, not to say totally wrong.
  答案不合逻辑,甚至是完全错误的。
  His language was irreverent, not to say blasphemous.
  他的言谈粗俗,简直就是亵渎神灵。
  It is warm, not to say hot.
  天气很暖和,甚至有点儿热。”
  以上四句话也引自《翻译批评散论》(p111),其作者意在说明我们对‘not to say’的理解同样有误,而且作者引用了三部原版词典来证明:
  The Concise Oxford Dictionary (1990年版,第1075页)
  Not to say: and indeed; or possibly even
  His language was rude, not to say offensive.
  Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (1978年版, 第745页)
  not to say: and almost; or perhaps even
  He sounded impolite, not to say rude.
  It would be foolish, not to say mad, to sell your car.
  Cambridge International Dictionary (1995年版, 第1259页)
  It would be unwise, not to say (=and possibly even) stupid, to leave your first job after only six months.”
  这也与我们原有的概念有冲突,于是我就查阅了其他相关的词典:
  Webster’s Third New International Dictionary
  Not to say: to use a milder expression than
  The Oxford English Dictionary(1989)
  Not to say...: used (a) to imply that the speaker is content with a more moderate statement than that which he might have made; (b) colloq.= ‘not what one may call...’, ‘not..., properly speaking’. 1736 AINSWORTH Lat.-Eng.Dict., Nedum, not to say, 1857 TROLLOPE Barchester T.xliv, ‘Am not I [growing old], my dear?’ ‘No, papa, not old-not to say old’. Mod. His language was irreverent, not to say blasphemous.
  这两个例子明确表示该句型强调的是程度较轻的那一个,是表示让步。而‘possibly even’也表示一种‘uncertainty’不确定性。
  而在新版的The New Oxford Dictionary of English 中
  (Edited by Judy Pearsall Clarendon Press Oxford first published 1998 )
  Not to say used to introduce a stronger alternative or addition to something already said: it is easy to become sensitive not to say paranoid.
  与原来的牛津词典注释在表述上有所不同,但是基本意思没变,还是表示具有更深程度的“可能”。
  另外还有Collins Dictionary of The English Language
  Not to say: even; and indeed.
  其中‘even’表示有可能,在文中潜在的意义是‘even possibly’,但不是整个句子强调的重点。
  即便是作者引用的Cambridge International Dictionary它的另外一个版本Cambridge International Dictionary of English With Chinese Translation (英汉双解剑桥国际英语词典Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press)也与作者意见相左:
  It would be unwise, not to say (=and possibly even) stupid, to leave your first job after only six months.
  你只干了6个月就放弃了第一份工作,即使不算愚蠢,也是不明智的。
  由此我们可以认为英文句子的重心是在前半部分,后面只是表示有程度更深的可能性,强调的是相对来说程度较轻的观点。
  在《英语常见问题解答大词典》中也有解释:
  而not to say的意义则是:even, perhaps even, and almost, if not to use a more moderate word or statement than (甚至,甚至也许,甚或,即使不…也,简直可以说)。
  1. His language was irreverent, not to say blasphemous. (WBD)他的言语即使不算渎神,也是不够虔诚的。
  2. He is unkind, not to say cruel. (MED)他即使不算残忍,也是够刻薄的了。
  3. It is warm, not to say hot.虽不能说热,但很暖和了。
  4. He sounded impolite, not to say rude. (LDCE)他的话听起来很不礼貌,甚至有些粗鲁。
  5. It would be foolish, not to say mad, to sell your car. (LDCE)你要是把你的汽车卖掉,即使你不是疯了,那也是很愚蠢的。
  6. His manner was discourteous, not to say offensive. 他的态度很不礼貌,甚至令人讨厌。
  7. His manner was unwelcomingif notnot to saydownright rude. (CGEL)
  他的态度即使不是太粗鲁,也是很令人不愉快的。
  其中第4,6句表示递进,其它都表示让步。而且第7句中的括号表明if not和not to say在这里可以互相替换,或者说用法类似。
  而只有一本词典的汉语解释支持作者的观点:
  Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
  Not to say: and almost; or perhaps even
  He sounded annoyed, not to say furious.
  听起来他是生气了,甚至可以说是大发雷霆。
  It would be foolish, not to say mad, to sell your car.
  你要是卖汽车就太蠢了,简直是疯了。
  即使在这本词典中,英文解释也只是‘and almost; or perhaps even’强调的只是一种可能性,“差不多,近乎于…”
  综上所述,not to say主要是表示让步,作为补充说明,用来表示程度有可能更深。这主要取决于说话人当时的语境,例如语气、意图、双方的利害关系冲突等。但总的来说,仅是表示一种不确定性。
  由此我们可以得知作者仅根据“and almost; or perhaps even; or possibly even; and indeed”就认定“英汉词典中出错就有些不应该了”,这是草率的,不全面的,而且是不负责任的说法。
  下面还有关于classless的含义:
  “Winston was a very classless person.
  温斯顿是个没有风度的人。或者:温斯顿是个平庸的人。”
  根据是“1992年版《兰登-韦氏大学字典》词目下是这样解释的:
  (of an individual)not belonging to a social class or group
  1995年版《剑桥国际英语字典》中有这样一个例句及解释:
  Her accent is classless (=It does not belong to a particular social class).”
  以上引自《翻译批评散论》(p112)。温斯顿果真是个没有风度的人,或者平庸的人吗?我们来看
  The New Oxford Dictionary of English中的解释:
  Classless �adjective (of a society) not divided into social classes, ■not showing obvious signs of belonging to a particular social class: his voice was classless
  我们可以把它翻译成中文:形容词(指社会)不分阶级,不带有属于任何特定社会阶级的特征:他的语气不带有任何阶级特征
  Webster’s Third New International Dictionary:
  Classless adj 1 of a society: free from distinctions of social class 2 of a person: belonging to no particular social class
  Cambridge International Dictionary of English With Chinese Translation 英汉双解剑桥国际英语词典
  Classless 无阶级的,无阶层的。Her accent is classless (=It does not belong to a particular social class).她的口音不属于任何阶层。/The prime minister claims that he wants to create a classless society (=a society without different social classes). 总理声称他想创立一个没有阶级的社会。
  The Random House Dictionary Of The English Language.Second edition Unabridged Stuart Berg Flexner Editor in Chief Random House 1987 New York
  Classless adj. 1. of or pertaining to a society in which there are no economic or social distinctions. 2. (of an individual) not having membership in a social or economic class or group. [1875-80; CLASS+-LESS]-class’less-ness,n.
  不分阶级的社会只有在原始社会和将来的共产社会可能存在,而目前我们说某个人classless,是指他(她)的衣着、观念、言语、行为不带有阶级的特征,或没有体现出阶级观点。我们可以说一个人的clothes, accent, or belief is classless,来表明他(她)的衣着或言行举止不带有明显的阶级特征,而不是指他(她)本身没有阶级属性,只不过没有表现出来罢了。如果我们仅仅根据(of an individual)not belonging to a social class or group就把它理解为“没有风度的,平庸的”恐怕正如作者自己所言:“碰到一些看似简单和熟悉的词句时,我们往往不假思索,这反倒容易犯望文生义的毛病。”
  结论
  正如奈达在谈及研究词汇意义的理论原则时所言:“首先,人们认为,任何语境中词汇单位的正确意义,一般应当是最符合该语境的那个意义。就某种意义而言,这也就是说,对词语的正确解释即是给整个语境贡献最少的那个解释。换言之,正确的理解最大限度地依赖于语境,而不是最大限度地依赖于孤立的词语。我们如果根据词语的运用范围,即根据词汇单位所处语境的种类来研究词汇意义,便能清楚看到上述原则的重要意义。”(谭载喜,p148)我们如果脱离了词语的上下文语境,只根据只字片语而想当然地按照自己的主观臆念得出结论,恐怕往往会与原文作者本义相悖。
  
  参考文献:
  [1]Approaches to Translation [M]. Peter Newmark, 2001 Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
  [2]Cambridge International Dictionary of English With Chinese Translation [M].英汉双解剑桥国际英语词典.Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
  [3]Collins Dictionary of The English Language [M], Patrick Hanks Editor, Collins London & Glasgow.
  [4]Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English New Edition (English-Chinese) [M]. The Commercial Press &Addison Wesley Longman China Limited.1998.
  [5]The New Oxford Dictionary of English[M]. Edited by Judy Pearsall,Clarendon Press Oxford,first published 1998.
  [6]The Oxford English Dictionary [M].Prepared by J.A.SIMPSON and E.S.C.WEINER (Second Edition. 1989), Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  [7]Webster’s Third New International Dictionary[M]. Editor in Chief: Philip Babcock Gove, Ph.D. Unabridged (Copyright 1986) World Publishing Corporation, Beijing, China & Merriam-Webster Inc. Publishers.
  [8]马红军.翻译批评散论[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,2000.
  [9]赵振才.英语常见问题解答大词典[M].黑龙江人民出版社,1998.谭载喜.新编奈达论翻译[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,1999.

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