[美国动画电影中的合作原则] 合作原则论文

　　Abstract: With the development of network, American cartoon films began to be liked by English learners, especially young students. This paper is designed to analyze some conversations in American cartoon films based on the four conversational maxims put forward by American philosopher Grice. It aims to draw people’s attention to the application of implicature by violating the four conversational maxims in American cartoon films and furthermore help us to have a deeper understanding of characters in the films.
　　摘 要：随着网络的发展，美国动画电影受到很多英语学习者的喜欢，本文主要以格莱斯的合作原则来分析一些美国动画片里的经典对话，让人们对美国动画片里的会话含义加以注意，帮助我们更好的理解这些动画电影。
　　Key Words： cooperative principle； conversational implicature；cartoon films
　　关键词：合作原则 ；会话含义； 动画电影
　　[中图分类号]：H31 [文献标识码]：A
　　[文章编号]：1002-2139(2012)-16-0-02
　　Ⅰ Grice’s Cooperative Principle and Conversational Implicature
　　The Cooperative Principle is proposed by the American philosopher Grice in his “Logic and Conversation”. According to Grice, in the process of communicating, people have to observe the cooperative principle to make themselves understood. The cooperative principle consists of the following four maxims:
　　(1). Quantity Maxim
　　Make your contribution as informative as required. (Don’t say too much or too little)
　　Make the strongest statement you can.
　　(2). Quality Maxim
　　Do not say what you believe to be false.
　　Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
　　(3). Relation Maxim
　　Be relevant. (Stay on topic)
　　(4). Manner Maxim
　　Avoid obscurity of expression.
　　Avoid ambiguity.
　　Be brief. (Avoid unnecessary prolixity)
　　Be orderly.
　　The cooperative principle is an invisible rule existing in all normal conversations. These maxims specify what participants have to do in order to converse in a maximally efficient, rational, co-operative way. They should speak sincerely, relevantly and clearly, while providing sufficient information.
　　But in reality, non-cooperation, that is, violations of the Cooperative Principle are a very common phenomenon in the communicative activity. The speakers are always violating the “Cooperative Principles” and its four maxims, whether on purpose or not. However, in most cases, the speakers are able to understand each other and, in some cases, even make the communications more successful.
　　Then it comes to the conversational implicature. Conversational implicature is something which is implied in conversation, that is, something which is left implicit in actual language use. For example: