if虚拟语气的三种时态 虚拟语气考点探析
英语中有三种语气:陈述语气(表示陈述事实)、祈使语气(表示命令、要求、建议、请求等)和虚拟语气(表示主观愿望、强烈遗憾、建议或与事实相反的假设等)。近年来,虚拟语气成为高考单项填空题频繁考查的热点,而虚拟语气又是中学生学习英语的难点。本文将就高考对虚拟语气的考查热点进行逐一分析,梳理考点知识,探讨应对技巧,设置巩固性练习,以期帮助学生应对各种虚拟语气考点项目。
一、考点例析
纵观近几年的高考英语试题,虚拟语气主要从以下几个方面考查:
(一)if引导的虚拟条件句
① If we __________ the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting.(2010年陕西卷)
A. take B. had takenC. took D. have taken
解析:从句意和might have arrived来看,整个句子都是对过去的虚拟,条件状语从句的谓语动词形式应用had+过去分词形式表示与过去事实相反的假设,故选B。
② —The weather has been very hot and dry.
—Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better now! And my vegetables __________.(2010年北京卷)
A. wouldn't die B. didn't die
C. hadn't died D. wouldn't have died
解析:本题考查对过去情况的虚拟。If条件句是我们选择正确答案的关键。过去没有下雨,所以我的蔬菜干死了也是发生在过去。将句子还原则成为:If it had rained even a drop, my vegetables wouldn't have died. 所以选D。
(二)含蓄条件句
① I __________ through that bitter period without your generous help.(2011年陕西卷)
A. couldn't have gone B. didn't go
C. wouldn't go D. hadn't gone
[HJ2mm]解析: with, without, but for, otherwise 等都可表示隐含条件的虚拟语气,本句中without your generous help相当于if it hadn't been for your generous help,从题意可知这是对过去的虚拟,couldn't have done表示“本不可能”,符合题意,所以选A。
② We __________ John's name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury.(2011年江西卷)
A. will put B. will have put
C. would put D. would have put
解析:but for隐含的虚拟条件相当于if it had not been for his recent injury,从句中的yesterday可以看出是对过去的虚拟,选项中只有would have put表示对过去的虚拟,意为“本要放(进)……”,所以答案选D。
(三)情态动词should/could+have done 表示虚拟
① They __________ have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed.(2011年河南等全国课标卷)
A. will B. can C. must D. should
解析:从后面的but their flight was delayed来看,他们没有按时到达,选项中的情态动词只有should+have done的语法功能表示虚拟,意为“本应该做”,所以选项D正确。
② —I'm sorry. I __________ at you the other day.
—Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself.(2008年江苏卷)
A. shouldn't shoutB. shouldn't have shouted
C. mustn't shoutD. mustn't have shouted
解析:由第一句话的语意和the other day可以看出是对过去的虚拟,而选项中只有shouldn't have done 表示“本不应该做” (但实际做了,有后悔、自责的语气)。因此选项B正确。
(四)某些特定词语中的虚拟语气用法
① —Where are the children? The dinner's going to be completely ruined.
—I wish they __________ always late.(2011年北京卷)
A. weren't B. hadn't been
C. wouldn't be D. wouldn't have been
解析:根据wish的惯用法:后跟宾语从句时,从句谓语动词要用虚拟语气,动词时态常常是原句的时间往前推一个时段。根据前一句的时态和题干中出现always可以判断出是对现在的虚拟,从句使用一般过去时。所以答案选A。
② George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I'd rather he __________ more on its culture.(2010年江苏卷)
