【专业英语课后题答案】 徐鹿专业英语答案

Unit 1 The Fundamentals of Computers

1.1 The Varieties of Computers

• III. Translating.

– 1. Original : Primary storage, or memory, is the internal computer circuitry that

temporarily holds data waiting to be processed. Secondary storage, simply called

storage, refers to the devices and media that store data or information

permanently.

– Translation : 一级存储，或称内存，是临时保存等待被处理数据的计算机内

部电路。而二级存储，简称存储器，是指那些永久性存储数据或信息的设备

和介质。

– 2. Original : A biological nanocomputer, which would be made of DNA and

could fit into a single human cell, would use DNA as its software and enzymes as

its hardware; its molecular-sized circuits would be viewable only through a

microscope.

– Translation : 由DNA 制成并能放置在一个单独的人体细胞中的生物学纳米

计算机会利用DNA 作为它的软件，酶作为它的硬件；其具有分子大小尺寸

的电路将只有通过显微镜才能够看见。

1.2 The History of Computers

• III. Translating.

– 1. Original : This introduction pought about the first real signs of competition

within computing history, which helped to spur faster and better development of

computers.

– Translation : 这一引入带来了计算历史中可谓第一个真正的竞争标志，有助

于刺激计算机更快

– 更好的发展。

– 2. Original : While expensive, these machines started the trend for computers

within common households.

– Translation : 虽然昂贵，但是这些机器开启了计算机在普通家庭中使用的趋

势。

Unit 2 Computer Hardware

1.1 Computer Motherboard

• III. Translating.

– 1. Original : A 2003 study found that some spurious computer crashes and

general reliability issues, ranging from screen image distortions to I/O read/write

errors, can be attributed not to software or peripheral hardware but to aging

capacitors on PC motherboards.

– Translation : 2003年的一个研究发现，一些伪劣的计算机损毁和常规可靠性

的问题，从屏幕图像失真到输入/输出读写错误，并不是由于软件或外围硬

件引起的，而是由于PC 机主板上老化的电容器造成的。

– 2. Original : At power-up the central processor would load its program counter

with the address of the boot ROM and start executing ROM instructions

displaying system information on the screen and running memory checks.

– Translation :启动之后，中央处理器将加载记录着引导ROM 地址的程序计数

器，并开始执行ROM 指令，此时在屏幕上显示系统信息并运行内存检查。

1.2 Multi-core Processors

• III. Translating.

– 1. Original : This all assumes however that the software has been designed to

take advantage of available parallelism. If it hasn’t, there will not be any speedup

at all.

– Translation :无论如何，这都要假定软件设计时已经利用了可行的并行性的

优势。如果没有这样的设计，则加速根本不可能。

– 2. Original : It would be possible for an application that used two CPUs to end up

running faster on one dual-core if communication between the CPUs was the

limiting factor, which would count as more than 100% improvement.

– Translation :如果CPU 之间的通信是限制因素，那么对于一个使用两个CPU

的应用程序来说，在一台双核计算机上可能会运行得更快，甚至可以认为是

大于100%的改进。

Unit 3 Computer Software

1.1 Microsoft Visual Studio

• III. Translating.

– 1. Original : Microsoft Visual Studio can be used to develop console and

Graphical User Interface applications along with Windows Forms applications,

Websites, Web applications, and Web services in both native code as well as

managed code for all platforms supported by Microsoft Windows, Windows

Mobile, .NET Framework, .NET Compact Framework and Microsoft Silverlight.

– Translation : Microsoft Visual Studio 能够使用本机代码和托管代码，为

Microsoft Windows 、Windows Mobile 、.NET Framework 、.NET Compact

Framework 以及Microsoft Silverlight所支持的所有平台开发控制台和图形用

户界面应用程序，以及Windows 窗体应用程序、网站、Web 应用程序和Web

服务。

– 2. Original : Support for other languages such as Chrome, F#, Python, and Ruby

among others has been made available via language services which are to be

installed separately.

– Translation :对其他语言（如其中的Chrome, F#, Python, Ruby ）的支持通过

单独安装的语言服务已经可用。

1.2 Google Earth

• III. Translating.

– 1. Original : Google Earth maps the earth by the superimposition of images

obtained from satellite imagery, aerial photography and GIS 3D globe.

– Translation : Google Earth通过从卫星影像、航空摄影和GIS 三维地球获得的

图像的叠印绘制了地球。

– 2. Original : Finally, empirical research has shown that while Google does allow

people to opt-out from personal listings, a vast majority of people can still be

geographically located using phone numbers.

– Translation :最后，经验性研究显示，尽管Google 公司允许人们不再使用个

人列表，但使用电话号码仍可在地理上指出绝大多数人的位置。

Unit 4 Operating System

1.1 Windows Vista

• III. Translating.

– 1. Original : In conjunction with SuperFetch, an automatic built-in Windows

Disk Defragmenter makes sure that those applications are strategically positioned

on the hard disk where they can be loaded into memory very quickly with the

least amount of physical movement of the hard disk’s read-write heads.

– Translation :与SuperFetch 结合，自动的内置Windows 磁盘碎片整理程序可

确保那些应用程序被策略性地保存在硬盘上，从而使用最少的硬盘读写头的

物理移动量就能够非常快速地将那些应用程序加载到内存中。

– 2. Original : The Heap Manager implements additional features such as integrity

checking in order to improve robustness and defend against buffer overflow

security exploits, although this comes at the price of peaking backward

compatibility with some legacy applications.

– Translation :堆管理器实现了一些额外的特性，例如为了改进健壮性并免于

缓冲区溢出安全漏洞的完整性检查，但是这样做也付出了代价，破坏了对一

些遗留应用程序的向后兼容性。

1.2 Linux

• III. Translating.

– 1. Original : However, given that the software licenses explicitly permit

redistribution, this provides a basis for larger scale projects that collect the

software produced by stand-alone projects and make it available all at once in the

form of a Linux distribution.

– Translation :但是，假如软件许可证可明确准许重新销售版本，那么这就为

收集由独立项目编写的软件的大规模项目提供了基础，并使得其可以以

Linux 销售版本的形式立即获得。

– 2. Original:The distinction between the Linux kernel and distributions based on

it plus the GNU system is a source of confusion to many newcomers, and the

naming remains controversial, as manylarge Linux distributions (e.g. Ubuntu and

SuSE Linux) are simply using the Linux name. rather than GNU/Linux.

Translation :Linux内核与基于它并采用GNU 系统的销售版本之间的区别对

许多新手来说容易引起混淆，而且命名仍然有争议，因为许多大型的Linux

销售版本（例如：Ubuntu 和SuSE Linux ）正在简单地使用Linux 的名字，

而不是GNU/Linux。

Unit 5 Computer Programming

1.1 Object-Oriented Programming

• III. Translating.

– 1. Original : Object-oriented programming was deployed in part as an attempt to

address this problem by strongly emphasizing discrete units of programming

logic and re-usability in software.

– Translation :面向对象程序设计的使用，在某种程度上通过强有力地加强程

序设计逻辑的离散单元和软件中的可重用性来尝试处理这个问题。

– 2. Original : In the past decade Java has emerged in wide use partially because of

its similarity to C and to C++, but perhaps more importantly because of its

implementation using a virtual machine that is intended to run code unchanged

on many different platforms.

– Translation :在过去十年中，Java 已经被广泛使用，部分原因是在于其与C

和C++的相似之处，然而或许更重要的是由于Java 采用虚拟机实现，虚拟

机是为在许多不同平台上运行无需修改的代码而设计的。

1.2 Introduction to the C# Language and the .NET Framework

• III. Translating.

– 1. Original : C# is an elegant and type-safe object-oriented language that enables

developers to build a wide range of secure and robust applications that run on

the .NET Framework.

– Translation :C#是一种简洁的、类型安全的面向对象语言，它能使开发者构

建很多在.NET Framework上运行的安全健壮的应用程序。

– 2. Original: The IL code, along with resources such as bitmaps and strings, is

stored on disk in an executable file called an assembly, typically with an

extension of .exe or .dll.

– Translation : IL代码与位图、串等资源一起存储在磁盘上的一个被称为―程序

集‖的可执行文件中，通常具有.exe 或.dll 的文件后缀。

Unit 6 Databases

1.1 Distributed Database

• III. Translating.

– 1. Original : A distributed database is a database that is under the control of a

central database management system (DBMS) in which storage devices are not

all attached to a common CPU.

– Translation :分布式数据库是在一个中央数据库管理系统控制下的数据库，

在中央数据库管理系统中，存储设备不是都附着在一个普通的CPU 上。

– 2. Original : Data is located near the site of greatest demand, and the database

systems themselves are parallelized, allowing load on the databases to be

balanced among servers.

– Translation :数据位于大量需求处附近，而且数据库系统本身是并行的，允

许数据库上的负载在服务器之间保持平衡。

1.2 Microsoft SQL Server

• III. Translating.

– 1. Original : For changes that are made to the data in buffer, SQLOS writes the

data back to the disc lazily, that is when the disc subsystem is either free, or there

have been significant numbers of changes made to the cache, while still serving

requests from the cache.

– Translation :对于那些对缓冲器中数据所做的更改，SQLOS 将数据慢吞吞地

写回磁盘，也就是在磁盘子系统空闲或者已有大量对高速缓存的更改时，仍

然为来自高速缓存的请求提供服务。

– 2. Original: SQL queries specify what data to retrieve, and the query processor

optimizes and translates the query into the sequence of operations needed to

retrieve the data.

– Translation : SQL查询语句会指定要检索什么数据，并且查询处理器会将查

询语句优化并翻译成为检索数据所需的操作序列。

Unit 7 Computer Network

1.1 Ethernet

• III. Translating.

– 1. Original : Ethernet defines a number of wiring and signaling standards for the

physical layer, through means of network access at the Media Access Control

(MAC)/Data Link Layer, and a common addressing format.

– Translation :通过在介质访问控制/数据链路层的网络访问方法和一种公共寻

址格式，Ethernet 为物理层定义了大量连线和发送信号的标准。

– 2. Original : Adapters generally come programmed with a globally unique

address, but this can be overridden, either to avoid an address change when an

adapter is replaced, or to use locally administered addresses.

• Translation :适配器通常被设计为具有一个全球唯一地址，但这个地址是可

以被取消的，这是为了避免当一个适配器被替换掉时其地址的变化，或者为

了使用本地管理的地址。

1.2 Wi-Fi

• III. Translating.

– 1. Original : The coverage of one or more interconnected access points —

called a hotspot — can comprise an area as small as a single room with

wireless-opaque walls or as large as many square miles covered by overlapping

access points

– Translation :一个或多个互相连接的访问点的覆盖—称为―热点‖—可以由一

个很小的区域构成，比如一个具有无线屏蔽墙的单独房间；也可以由一个很

大的区域构成，比如被重叠访问点覆盖的许多平方英里的范围。

– 2. Original: Routers which incorporate a DSL-modem or a cable-modem and a

Wi-Fi access point, often set up in homes and other premises, provide

Internet-access and internetworking to all devices connected (wirelessly or by

cable) to them.

– Translation :将DSL 调制解调器或电缆调制解调器与Wi-Fi 访问点结合的路

由器，通常安装在家庭住宅和其他建筑物中，能为所有连接（无线或通过电

缆）到它们的设备提供因特网访问和网络互联。

Unit 8 The Internet

1.1 Grid Computing

• III. Translating.

– 1. Original : Grid computing is a form of distributed computing whereby a ―super

and virtual computer‖ is composed of a cluster of networked, loosely -coupled

computers, acting in concert toperform very large tasks.

– Translation :网格计算是分布式计算的一种形式，通过一个由联网的、松散

耦合的计算机集群组成的―超级虚拟计算机‖进行，集群中的计算机一起运作

来执行非常庞大的任务。

– 2. Original : While the Globus Toolkit remains the defacto standard for building

grid solutions, a number of other tools have been built that answer some subset of

services needed to create an enterprise or global grid.

– Translation :Globus Toolkit保持了构建网格解决方案的实际标准，与此同时，

许多其他工具已经构建出来以满足创建一个企业级或全球级网格所需的服

务的一些子集。

1.2 Web 2.0

• III. Translating.

– 1. Original : According to Tim O’Reilly, Web 2.0 is the business revolution in

the computer industry caused by the move to the Internet as platform, and an

attempt to understand the rules for success on that new platform.

– Translation :根据Tim O’Reilly 所说，Web 2.0是由转向因特网为平台而引发

的计算机行业中的一次商业革命，也是为在这个新平台上取得成功而理解规

则的一次尝试。

– 2. Original: While such design elements have commonly been found on

popular Web 2.0 sites, the association is more one of fashion, a designer

preference which became popular around the same time that ―Web 2.0‖ became a

buzz word.

– Translation :当这样的设计元素已经普遍出现在流行的Web 2.0网站中，这种

关联成为一种时尚，被很多设计者所偏爱，而几乎与此同时，―Web2.0‖也成

为一个流行词语。

Unit 9 E-Commerce

1.1 Electronic Commerce

• III. Translating.

– 1. Original : A wide variety of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and

drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management,

Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange

(EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems.

– Translation :多种多样的商业活动通过这种方式进行经营，刺激和引起了在

电子资金转账、供应链管理、因特网市场营销、在线事务处理、电子数据交

换、库存管理系统以及自动数据收集系统等方面的革新。

– 2. Original Since then people began to associate a word “ecommerce ” with the

ability of purchasing various goods through the Internet using secure protocols

and electronic payment services

– Translation :从那以后，人们开始将词语―电子商务‖与利用安全协议和电子支

付服务通过因特网购买各种商品的能力联系起来。

1.2 How PayPal Works

• III. Translating.

– 1. Original : The simple idea behind PayPal – using encryption software to allow

people to make financial transfers between computers – has turned into one of

the world’s primary methods of online payment.

– Translation :PayPal背后的简单想法——利用加密软件以允许人们在计算机

之间进行金融转让——已经变成全球主要的在线支付方法之一。

– 2. Original: A Buy Now button allows merchants to paste a small piece of

HTML code into their site, creating a button for buyers to click when they want

to purchase an item.

– Translation :一个―Buy Now ‖按钮允许商家将一小段HTML 代码粘贴到他们

的网站中，为顾客创建一个按钮，当他们想购买一件商品时即可点击该按钮。

Unit 10 Computer Security

1.1 A Computer Security

• Exercises

• I. Read the following statements carefully, and decide whether they are true (T) or

false (F) according to the text.

– _T _ 1. Computer security is a panch of technology arranged under information

security category.

– _T _ 2. Physically limiting access to computers is approximately one of the

strongest approaches to improve computer security

– _F _ 3. Computer programming strategies are often considered as the most

dependent approach for computer security among others.

– _T _ 4. In aviation, transmitting unauthorized communications over specific radio

frequencies may spoof air traffic controllers or simply disrupt communications

altogether.

– _T _ 5. The issues of computer security are an indispensable part of maintaining

an operational industry.

• III. Translating.

– 1. Original : Furthermore, negative requirements are deceptively complicated to

satisfy and require exhaustive testing to verify, which is impractical for most

computer programs

– Translation :此外，否定的需求要满足看似很复杂，且需要详尽的测试来验

证，这对于大多数计算机程序来说是不切实际的。

– 2. Original Other accidental and intentional faults have caused significant

disruption of safety critical systems throughout the last few decades and

dependence on reliable communication and electrical power only jeopardizes

computer safety.

– Translation :在近几十年当中，其他意外和蓄意故障已经造成了对绝对重要

的安全系统的重大破坏，并且对可靠通信和电力的依赖会危及计算机安全。

1.2 Computer Virus

• Exercises

• I. Read the following statements carefully, and decide whether they are true (T) or

false (F) according to the text.

– _T _ 1. Windows is by far the most popular operating system for virus writers due

to their market dominance.

– _T _ 2. Bugs in software generally means potential exploits for the spread of

viruses.

– _T _ 3. The method of using a heuristic algorithm to find viruses can detect

viruses which haven’t yet been defined in the current database of known virus

―signatures ‖.

– _F _ 4. The backups on CD/DVD are always safe because the media becomes

read-only and can no longer be affected by a virus

– _F _ 5. Anti-virus software can enhance the underlying capability of host

software to prevent viruses transmitting

• III. Translating.

– 1. Original : The virus loads the replication module into memory when it is

executed and ensures that this module is executed each time the operating system

is called to perform a certain operation.

– Translation :病毒在执行时将复制模块加载到内存中，并且确保这个模块在

每次操作系统被调用执行一个特定操作时都被执行

– 2. Original: In 1997, when a virus for Linux was released – known as ―Bliss‖

– leading antivirus vendors issued warnings that Unix-like systems could fall

prey to viruses just like Windows.

– Translation : 1997年，当一个Linux 病毒被发布—即我们所知的―Bliss‖—主

要杀毒提供商发出警告：类Unix 系统可能正像Windows 一样变成病毒的猎

物。

Unit 11 Software Engineering

1.1 Software Engineering

• Exercises

• I. Read the following statements carefully, and decide whether they are true (T) or

false (F) according to the text.

– _T _ 1. The potential complexity of software systems necessitates software

engineering

– _ F _ 2. Custom software rose first from small business.

– _T _ 3. The development of hardware allows software to grow more complex and

more widely available.

– _T _ 4. Systematic and formal code reuse is necessitated to industrialize the

software development process.

– _F _ 5. Software engineering is subject to many other disciplines, such as

computer science, project management, and systems engineering.

• III. Translating.

– 1. Original : Software engineering is the application of a systematic, disciplined,

quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of

software. It encompasses techniques and procedures, often regulated by a

software development process, with the purpose of improving the reliability and

maintainability of software systems.

– Translation :隐藏在瀑布模型后面的中心思想是，早期在确保需求和设计完

全正确上花费的时间将使以后的开发省时省力。

– 2. Original The discipline of software engineering includes knowledge, tools,

and methods for software requirements, software design, software construction,

software testing, and software maintenance tasks.

– Translation :迭代开发规定了一个软件项目中从最初很小但不断增大的部分

的构建，以帮助参与的各方在问题或假设错误可能导致灾难之前及早暴露重

要的问题。

1.2 Software Development Process

• Exercises

• I. Read the following statements carefully, and decide whether they are true (T) or

false (F) according to the text.

– _T _ 1. Process models describe approaches to a variety of tasks or activities that

take place during the software development process.

– _F _ 2. The iterative model has replaced the traditional waterfall model due to its

higher efficiency

– _T _ 3. CMMI can guide software development organizations to follow their

defined processes

– _F _ 4. Formal methods are mathematical approaches to solving software

problems which are most likely to be applied in mathematics area.

– _T _ 5. Reducing even bypassing the workload spent on coding may be an

obvious part of the software engineering development in future.

• III. Translating.

– 1. Original : This is the central idea behind the waterfall model - time spent early

on making sure that requirements and design are absolutely correct will save you

much time and effort later.

– Translation :隐藏在瀑布模型后面的中心思想是，早期在确保需求和设计完

全正确上花费的时间将使以后的开发省时省力。

– 2. Original: Iterative development prescribes the construction of initially small

but ever larger portions of a software project to help all those involved to uncover

important issues early before problems or faulty assumptions can lead to disaster.

– Translation :迭代开发规定了一个软件项目中从最初很小但不断增大的部分

的构建，以帮助参与的各方在问题或假设错误可能导致灾难之前及早暴露重

要的问题。

Unit 12 The Future of Computer

1.1 The Future of Computing (1)

• Exercises

• I. Read the following statements carefully, and decide whether they are true (T) or

false (F) according to the text.

– _T _ 1. When computer power growing boosted multi-tasking, the hardware cost

reducing spurred personal computers quite naturally designed for single-tasking.

– _ F _ 2. In superscalar architecture, several CPUs are fused together in a single

multi-core package, and several such multi-core chips can be installed on a single

motherboard.

– _T _ 3. Developer productivity gains appeal to higher performing processors.

– _T _ 4. Runaway power consumption has put a curb on raw clock speed

increases.

– _F _ 5. Now, Practical gains have amounted to 3x to 5x Performance boost

warranted by multiple execution units.

• III. Translating.

– 1. Original : Extrapolating the parallel further we may expect even

tighter-integrated “microblades ” to arrive in the near future when we master

computer integration to the same degree as we havemastered integrated circuits.

– Translation :进一步推测这种类比，我们可以期待，当我们掌握计算机集成

到了与现在已经掌握的集成电路一样的程度时，甚至更紧密集成的―微刀片‖

会在不久的将来出现。

– 2. Original Massive performance gains warranted by proper application of

VLIW concept allowed Elpus machines to overcome manufacturing and

technological limitations and beautifully serve their purpose.

– Translation :由超长指令字（VLIW ）概念的适当应用保证的大规模性能提高

允许Elpus 机器克服制造和技术的限制并且漂亮地达到了目的。

1.2 The Future of Computing (2)

• Exercises

• I. Read the following statements carefully, and decide whether they are true (T) or

false (F) according to the text.

– _T _ 1. For a long time we had thought that a better CPU makes a better

computer.

– _T _ 2. IBM’s SiGe chips present a way of frequency increases that does not

result in increasing power consumption.

– _T _ 3. We may boost performance at least by an order of magnitude just by

optimizing the code.

– _T _ 4. We are likely to return to the special-purpose computing in a new loop in

the spiral

– _F _ 5. Hardware that is more dedicated and efficient than CPU is better suited

for various complex tasks.

• III. Translating.

– 1. Original : As people become more and more aware of “green ” concepts and

conscious of power consumption our eyes will finally open to extremely bloated

code that out GHz-rated CPUs execute at the same rate as MHz-rated processors

in specialized devices.

– Translation :随着人们越来越认识到―绿色‖概念并越来越意识到电力消耗，我

们的眼睛将最终变得更容易接受那些极为臃肿的代码，过时的千兆赫级CPU

执行这些代码的速度与专用设备中的兆赫级处理器相同。

– 2. Original: Indeed such complete isolation of software components (database

instances, Web applications, network services, and the like) that are currently squeezed together on the same server should greatly improve system robustness due to the possibility of real-timecomponent hot-swap or upgrade and completely eliminating software installation, deployment and patch conflicts that plague large servers of today.

– Translation :事实上，这种软件组件（数据库实例、Web 应用、网络服务等，

且目前被一起塞入同一台服务器中）的完全孤立应该能够大大提高系统的健壮性，这是由于如下可能性的存在：实时组件热插拔或升级，以及完全消除软件安装、部署和那些困扰当今大型服务器的补丁冲突。