鐜颁唬濂虫€т富涔夌殑瑙ｈ涓庤嫢骞茶嫳璇瘝璇殑璇箟鍙樺寲_指称性词语语义标记意义
銆€銆€銆愭憳 瑕併€戣瑷€鏄ぞ浼氬彂灞曠殑娲诲寲鐭筹紝鏄€濇兂鐨勯暅鍍忋€傚コ鎬т富涔変綔涓轰竴绉嶆繁鍏ヤ汉蹇冪殑绀句細鎬濇疆瀵硅瑷€鐨勫奖鍝嶆樉鑰屾槗瑙併€傚悓鏍凤紝濂虫€т富涔夌殑鍙戝睍鍙樺寲銆佸コ鎬т富涔夌殑鎬濇兂鍐呮兜浠庤瑷€鐨勫彉鍖栦腑浜﹀彲绐ヨ銆傛湰鏂囨嫙浠庝竴浜涜嫳璇瘝璇殑璇箟鍙樺寲鐫€鎵嬶紝鍦ㄤ竴瀹氱▼搴︿笂鍒嗘瀽瑙ｈ浜嗗綋浠婁汉浠濂虫€т富涔夌殑璁よ瘑銆?
銆€銆€銆愬叧閿瘝銆戣嫳璇瘝璇?璇箟鍙樺寲 濂虫€т富涔?
銆€銆€銆愪腑鍥惧垎绫诲彿銆慔313 銆愭枃鐚爣璇嗙爜銆慉 銆愭枃绔犵紪鍙枫€?674锛?810锛?011锛?3锛?108锛?2
銆€銆€
銆€銆€浠庣ぞ浼氳瑷€瀛︾殑瑙掑害鏉ヨ锛屼汉绫荤ぞ浼氫竴鐩村湪涓嶆柇鍦板彂灞曪紝浣滀负浜虹被琛ㄨ揪鎬濇兂鍜屼氦娴佹€濇兂鐨勫伐鍏凤紝璇█涔熼殢涔嬪湪涓嶆柇鍦板彂鐢熷彉鍖栥€傝瑷€鏄ぞ浼氬彂灞曠殑娲诲寲鐭炽€傝€屼綔涓鸿瑷€鍩烘湰缁勬垚鐨勮瘝姹囨槸璇█涓渶涓烘椿璺冪殑鍥犵礌锛屽叾璇箟闅忕ぞ浼氱殑鍙戝睍鑰屽彂鐢熷彉鍖栥€備腹楹﹁瑷€瀛﹀O.Jesperson鏇捐杩囷紝鑻辫鏄粬鎵€鐔熸倝鐨勬墍鏈夎瑷€涓渶鐢锋€у寲鐨勮瑷€銆備笉绠¤繖鍙ヨ瘽鏄惁鏈夎冻澶熺殑璇佹嵁锛屾垜浠兘涓嶅彲鍚﹁鐨勬槸锛岃嫳璇腑瀛樺湪鐫€鍋忓悜鐢锋€х殑璇█绗﹀彿銆傜劧鑰岋紝绀句細鍦ㄥ彂灞曪紝绀句細浜虹殑鎬濇兂涔熷湪鍏惰繘绋嬩腑鍙戠敓浜嗘敼鍙橈紝浣滀负涓€绉嶈嚜20涓栫邯涓湡浠ユ潵寮€濮嬫祦琛岀殑濂虫€т富涔夋€濇疆锛屽畠鏃ヨ秼娣卞叆浜哄績锛屼笉浠呮繁鍏ュコ鎬х兢浣擄紝杩樺寘鎷敺鎬х兢浣撱€傚悓鏃讹紝杩欒偂鎬濇疆鐩存帴鍦ㄤ汉浠殑鎬濇兂琛ㄨ揪宸ュ叿鈥曗€曡瑷€涓〃鐜板嚭鏉ワ紝浜庢槸锛屼粠璇█涓紝鎴戜滑鍙互绐ユ帰濂虫€т富涔夌殑鍙戝睍鑴夌粶銆?
銆€銆€濂虫€т富涔夌殑鐞嗚鍗冨ご涓囩华锛屼絾褰掓牴缁撳簳鍙湁涓€鍙ヨ瘽锛氬湪鍏ㄤ汉绫诲疄鐜扮敺濂冲钩绛夈€傛墍鏈夌殑濂虫€т富涔夌悊璁洪兘鏈変竴涓熀鏈殑鍓嶆彁锛岄偅灏辨槸锛氬コ鎬у湪鍏ㄤ笘鐣岃寖鍥村唴鏄竴涓彈鍘嬭揩銆佸彈姝ц鐨勭瓑绾э紝鍗冲コ鎬т富涔夋€濇兂娉版枟娉紡濞冩墍璇寸殑鈥滅浜屾€р€濄€傚コ鎬т富涔夎涓猴紝鐢峰皧濂冲崙鐨勬€у埆绉╁簭鏃笉鏄櫘閬嶅瓨鍦ㄧ殑锛屼篃涓嶆槸姘镐笉鏀瑰彉鐨勶紝鍥犱负瀹冨苟涓嶆槸鈥滆嚜鐒跺舰鎴愨€濈殑锛岃€屾槸鐢辩ぞ浼氬拰鏂囧寲浜轰负寤烘瀯璧锋潵鐨勩€傛尝浼忓▋鏇剧洿瑷€锛氣€滃コ浜轰笉鏄ぉ鐢熺殑锛屽コ浜烘槸鐢熸垚鐨勩€傗€濆コ鎬т富涔夋槸浠ユ秷闄ゆ€у埆姝ц銆佺粨鏉熷濂虫€у帇杩殑绀句細杩愬姩浠ュ強闅忎箣鍏磋捣鐨勬€濇兂鏂囧寲棰嗗煙鐨勯潻鍛姐€傚コ鎬т富涔夌悊璁烘壙璁ょ敺鎬т笌濂虫€у湪鐢熺悊涓婄殑鍒嗗寲锛屼絾鎷掔粷鎺ュ彈鍦ㄧぞ浼氬巻鍙茶繘绋嬩腑鐢峰コ鍥犵敓鐞嗕笂鐨勫樊寮傝€屾紨鍙樺舰鎴愮殑绛夌骇寮忕殑鐢峰皧濂冲崙銆佺敺涓诲コ浠庣殑鍏崇郴锛屼粬浠姏鍥炬墦鐮磋繖绉嶁€滄枃鍖栬瀹氣€濓紝浠栦滑甯屾湜寤虹珛涓€绉嶆柊鐨勭敺濂冲钩绛夈€佸拰璋愮浉澶勩€佽嚜鐢卞彂灞曘€佸叡鍚岃繘姝ョ殑绀句細鍏崇郴銆傚湪鎵胯宸紓銆佸皧閲嶄釜鎬х殑鍩虹涓婏紝瀵绘眰涓ゆ€т笌绀句細鐨勫拰璋愬彂灞曪紝濂虫€х殑鏉冨埄銆佷环鍊笺€佽姹傚拰鎰挎湜锛岃嚜浠庢枃鏄庣ぞ浼氬嚭鐜板姵鍔ㄥ垎宸ヤ互鏉ワ紝灏变竴鐩村彈鍒颁笉鍚岀▼搴︾殑蹇借銆佽交瑙嗭紝鐢氳嚦鏈夋剰璇嗙殑鍘嬪埗銆傚コ鎬т富涔夌悊璁哄氨鏄濂虫€у眻浠庡湴浣嶇殑鎵瑰垽鎬цВ閲娿€傚コ鎬т富涔夊彲浠ヨ鐪嬫垚鏄竴绉嶇悊璁哄拰瀹炶返锛屽畠鍖呭惈鐫€鎬у埆骞崇瓑鐨勪俊蹇靛拰鍙橀潻绀句細鐨勬剰璇嗗舰鎬侊紝鏃ㄥ湪娑堥櫎瀵瑰濂冲拰鍏朵粬鍙楀帇杩兢浣撳湪缁忔祹銆佹斂娌汇€佺ぞ浼氬拰鏂囧寲涓婄殑姝ц銆備綔涓哄鏈祦娲撅紝瀹冧簤鍙栫殑鏄竟缂樼兢浣撶殑闆嗕綋璇濊鏉冿紝璇曞浘寤虹珛鏂扮殑鍙欎簨鏂瑰紡銆備竴鑸汉鍊惧悜浜庢妸濂虫€т富涔夌湅鍋氭槸涓轰簡涓濂虫€у湪绀句細鐢熸椿涓殑闄勫睘鍦颁綅鎵€鍋氱殑绉嶇鍔姏銆?
銆€銆€璇█鏄湪绀句細涓繍鐢ㄧ殑锛屼笖鏄弽鏄犵ぞ浼氱殑涓€闈㈤暅瀛愩€傝瑷€鐨勬紨鍙樹笌绀句細鍙橀潻瀵嗕笉鍙垎銆傜浜屾涓栫晫澶ф垬浠ユ潵锛岃嫳璇柊璇嶈涓嶆柇娑岀幇锛岃繖涓昏涓庣瀛︽妧鏈殑绐侀鐚涜繘銆佹斂娌荤粡娴庢枃鍖栫殑鎬ュ墽鍙樺寲浠ュ強鍙楀叾浠栬瑷€鍜屾枃鍖栫殑褰卞搷绛夊洜绱犳湁鍏炽€傚コ鏉冭繍鍔ㄦ槸20涓栫邯鍏竷鍗佸勾浠ｄ互鏉ヨ嫳缇庣ぞ浼氬彉闈╀腑鐨勪竴涓獊鍑烘柟闈紝瀵艰嚧浜嗚澶氳嫳璇柊璇嶈鐨勪骇鐢燂紝濡俿exism锛堟€у埆姝ц锛夈€乻exual harassment锛堟€ч獨鎵帮級銆乫eminist锛堢敺濂冲钩绛変富涔夎€咃級銆乵alechauvinism锛堝ぇ鐢峰瓙涓讳箟锛夈€乭ouse husband锛堝搴鐢凤級绛夛紱姝ゅ锛屸€滄棤鎬у埆璇█鈥濆湪濂虫€т富涔夌殑澶у姏鍊¤鍜屽姫鍔涗簤鍙栦笅鍩烘湰瑙ｅ喅浜虹О浠ｈ瘝鐨勭敺鎬у寲闂锛屽鎶婏紞man杩欎竴鍚庣紑鏀规垚锛峱erson绛夈€?
銆€銆€浠ender涓轰緥锛屽畠浜х敓浜?0涓栫邯70骞翠唬鍒濈殑鍥介檯濡囧コ杩愬姩锛?0骞翠唬鍚庤鑱斿悎鍥介噰鐢紝鏄繎骞存潵鍥介檯涓婂垎鏋愮敺濂冲钩绛夌殑閲嶈姒傚康銆傜‘鍒囧湴璇达紝gender鏄竴绉嶇ぞ浼氭€у埆锛岃€屼笌涔嬬浉瀵瑰簲鐨勬槸鐢熺悊鎬у埆锛岃嫳璇戜负sex锛実ender鏄浉瀵逛簬sex锛堢敓鐞嗘€у埆锛夎€屼骇鐢熺殑涓€涓蹇点€俫ender鍘熸槸璇█瀛︿笂鐨勯槾闃冲悕璇嶅睘鎬э紝1970骞村悗锛岃濂虫潈涓讳箟鑰呮彺鐢ㄧ敤浠ュ尯鍒敓鐗╂€у埆涓庣ぞ浼氭€у埆宸紓銆傜敱姝ゅ彲鐪嬪嚭鑻辫鐢ㄨ瘝鐨勬洿杩紝浠巗ex鍒癵ender锛屽嵆鐢辩敓鐞嗘€у埆涓婂崌鍒扮ぞ浼氭€у埆锛岃繖瀹為檯涓婁篃鎰忓懗鐫€濂虫€т富涔夌殑鍙戝睍涓庤繘姝ャ€傜ぞ浼氭€у埆鏄湪瑗挎柟绗簩娆″コ鎬т富涔夋氮娼腑璇炵敓鐨勶紝浣滀负涓€绉嶅垎鏋愬樊寮傜殑鏂规硶锛岀ぞ浼氭€у埆寰楀埌浜嗗箍娉涚殑鍏虫敞鍜岃繍鐢紝骞舵垚涓哄コ鎬т富涔夌殑涓绘祦璇濊銆備粠鏉冨▉璇嶅吀锛堢墰娲ラ珮闃惰嫳姹夊弻瑙ｈ瘝鍏哥6鐗堬級涓湅sex涓巊ender鐨勫畾涔夛細sex鐨勮В閲婁负the state of being male or female鎬у埆锛屾€с€傝€実ender鐨勮В閲婁负the fact of being male or female鎬у埆銆備竴浜涚浉鍏冲洜鐗圭綉鏉愭枡鍒欏sex涓巊ender鍒嗗埆瀹氫箟涓猴細鐢熺悊鎬у埆锛坰ex锛夛紝鎸囧┐鍎垮嚭鐢熷悗浠庤В鍓栧鐨勮搴︽潵璇佸疄鐨勫コ鎬ф垨鐢锋€х壒寰侊紝鍖呭惈绗竴鎬у緛鍜岀浜屾€у緛锛涚ぞ浼氭€у埆锛坓ender锛夛細鐢辩ぞ浼氭枃鍖栧舰鎴愮殑鏈夊叧鐢?濂宠鑹插垎宸ャ€佺ぞ浼氭湡鏈涘拰琛屼负瑙勮寖鐨勭患鍚堜綋鐜般€傝璇嶅師鎰忎粎鎸囪瘝鐨勯槾闃虫€э紝鐜板湪鎴愪负濂虫€т富涔夋壒璇勭殑鏍稿績姒傚康銆俿ex涓巊ender浜岃€呬箣闂寸殑鍖哄埆涓庤仈绯讳富瑕佸湪浜庯細sex鏄寜鐓х敓鐗╃壒寰佸垝鍒嗙殑锛涜€実ender鍒欐槸甯︽湁绀句細鎬ц川鐗瑰緛鐨勶紝鏄汉鍦ㄥ彂鑲叉垚闀胯繃绋嬩腑閫愭笎褰㈡垚鐨勶紝杈冧箣浜巗ex杩欎竴鐢熺悊鎬у埆锛実ender鏄惧緱鏇翠负涓€с€傚彟澶栵紝鐢熺悊鎬у埆涓庣ぞ浼氭€у埆涔嬮棿鏈変竴瀹氱殑鑱旂郴锛屼絾鏄湪姝ゅ繀椤诲己璋冪殑涓€鐐瑰氨鏄ぞ浼氭€у埆涓嶆槸鐢辩敓鐞嗘€у埆鍐冲畾鐨勶紝鑰屾槸鍦ㄧぞ浼氱殑鍙戝睍涓庣啅闄朵笅閫愭褰㈡垚鐨勶紝绀句細鎬у埆鏄悗澶╀範寰楃殑绀句細鎬ц鑹层€?
銆€銆€姣忎釜浜虹殑鎴愰暱閮芥槸鍩哄洜鍜岀幆澧冨叡鍚屼綔鐢ㄧ殑缁撴灉锛屼汉绫荤殑璁稿宸紓閮戒笉鏄彧婧愪簬涓€涓熀鍥狅紝鑰屾槸璁稿鍩哄洜鐨勭浉浜掍綔鐢ㄧ殑缁撴灉銆傛€у埆鏄互鐢熺悊鎬у埆涓哄熀纭€鐨勭ぞ浼氬缓鏋勶紝涓汉鐢熻€屼负鐢蜂负濂筹紝骞舵病鏈夊ぉ鐢熺殑鎬у埆璁ゅ悓锛屼粬浠槸鍦ㄦ垚闀胯繃绋嬩腑鑾峰緱鎬у埆璁ゅ悓鐨勶紝鍦ㄧ粡杩囩ぞ浼氱殑寤烘瀯涔嬪悗鎵嶆垚闀夸负鐢蜂汉鍜屽コ浜恒€傝櫧鐒剁敓鐞嗘€у埆鏄ぉ鐢熺殑锛屼絾鏄ぞ浼氭€у埆鏃㈤潪鍐呭湪鐨勶紝涔熼潪鍥哄畾鐨勶紝鑰屾槸涓庣ぞ浼氱浉浜掑奖鍝嶇殑浜х墿銆傚畠闅忕潃鏃堕棿鍜屾枃鍖栫殑涓嶅悓鑰屾敼鍙樸€傜ぞ浼氭€у埆鏄敱绀句細寤烘瀯鐨勶紝绀句細鎬у埆鏄ぞ浼氬拰绗﹀彿鐨勫垱閫犵墿銆傜敱姝ゅ彲瑙侊紝gender杩欎釜璇嶇殑鍑虹幇鏄巻鍙蹭笌绀句細鍙戝睍鐨勫繀鐒讹紝骞惰寮曞叆鍒板コ鎬т富涔夌爺绌跺綋涓紝瀹冨氨鎴愪负涓€绉嶅垎鏋愮殑鑼冪暣銆佸伐鍏峰拰妗嗘灦锛岃璧嬩簣鍏ㄦ柊鐨勫唴娑点€?
銆€銆€浠ュ墠缁忓父浼氳繖鏍锋弿杩帮細濂充汉鏄劅鎬х殑鍔ㄧ墿锛岀敺浜烘槸鐞嗘€х殑鍔ㄧ墿锛涚敺鎬ф洿寮鸿皟蹇冪伒鍜屾€濇兂锛岃€屽コ鎬ф洿闈犺繎澶╃劧鍜岃嚜鐒讹紱鐢锋€у仛浜嬫洿瀹㈣锛屽コ鎬у垯鏇翠富瑙傦紱鐢锋€ф洿鎶借薄锛屽コ鎬ф洿鍏蜂綋锛涚敺鎬ф洿鍏叡鍖栵紝濂虫€ф洿绉佷汉锛涚敺鎬у叧娉ㄥ伐浣滐紝濂虫€ф洿鍏虫敞瀹跺涵绛夈€傜幇鍦ㄨ繖绉嶈鐐规垨鐪嬫硶宸茬粡鏈夊緢澶氬鑰呰繘琛岄┏鏂ワ紝gender杩欎竴璇嶇殑鍑虹幇灏辨槸瑕佹秷鐏袱鎬т箣闂寸殑涓嶅钩绛夈€?
銆€銆€鎬讳箣锛屽コ鎬т富涔夊苟涓嶆槸寤虹珛鍦ㄧ敓鐞嗘€у埆鍜岀ぞ浼氭€у埆涔嬮棿鍖哄埆鐨勭湡瀹炴€ц川锛屼篃涓嶆槸瑕佹秷鐏繖绉嶅尯鍒紝鑰屾槸涓烘€у埆鐗瑰緛鐨勬瀬绔笉绋冲畾鎬у紑鏀剧┖闂淬€傚コ鎬т富涔夊湪鎬у埆宸紓闂涓婂叧娉ㄧ殑鏄妸杩囧幓琚涓烘槸鑷劧鐨勩€佸ぉ璧嬬殑銆佷笉鍙敼鍙樼殑鎬у埆鐗瑰緛锛岄噸鏂板畾涔変负绀句細鐨勩€佷笉鍥哄畾鐨勩€佸彲濉戠殑銆傚コ鎬т富涔夋湡鏈涙€у埆璁ゅ悓鐨勮繃绋嬩笉鍐嶆槸浼犵粺绀句細鐨勨€滄垚涓轰竴涓敺鎬р€濇垨鈥滄垚涓轰竴涓コ鎬р€濈殑杩囩▼锛岃€屾槸鈥滃叧浜庢垜浠€夋嫨浠€涔堟牱鐨勭ぞ浼氭€у埆鐨勫井濡欑殑蹇冪悊鍜岀ぞ浼氱殑鏉冭 鈥濄€俫ender杩欎釜璇嶇殑鍑虹幇鎴栧紩鍏ユ槸濂虫€т富涔夌爺绌朵腑涓€涓緢閲嶈鐨勪簨浠舵垨鑰呰浆鎶橈紝涔熸槸濂虫€т富涔夊彂灞曠殑涓€涓〃鐜般€?
銆€銆€鍙傝€冩枃鐚?
銆€銆€锛?锛芥潕閾舵渤.濂虫€т富涔夛蓟M锛?娴庡崡锛氬北涓滀汉姘戝嚭鐗堢ぞ锛?005
銆€銆€锛?锛藉コ鏉冭繍鍔ㄤ笌鑻辫璇嶆眹鐨勫彂灞曞吋璁嫳璇腑鐨勬€у埆姝ц.https:// www.鐪佺暐/shownews.asp?id=15101
銆€銆€銆旇矗浠荤紪杈戯細闄堟櫒銆?