2018微博粉丝排名前50_让体育“粉丝”们抓狂的问题

　　为什么自行车选手要刮腿毛？（不是为了减少空气阻力）为什么某些网球选手爱在球场上狂吼？（莎拉波娃的叫声高达101.2分贝）穿红色衣服的队伍是否更容易获胜？……这些问题让体育“粉丝”们争论了几十年，那么正确答案到底是什么？
　　
　　Why do cyclists shave their legs?
　　In the 1979 comedy 2)Breaking Away, the hero’s father is horrified to discover that his son shaves his legs. There is an innocent explanation: the boy’s dream is to become a professional cyclist, and he’s read that shaving your legs cuts down wind resistance. In truth, 3)depilation would hardly aid his road speed. Yet it remains a common misconception that 4)aerodynamics explains the lack of body hair in the Tour de France.
　　
　　According to Stanford University’s swimming coach Skip Kenney, swimmers who shave their entire body gain a 2 per cent boost in speed. But water is far thicker
　　than air and creates more 5)drag. Any gain in speed for a hairless cyclist would be so small as to be immeasurable.
　　
　　Professional cyclists claim there are two reasons why they shave. The first is medical. They fall off their bikes more
　　often than one might expect, and it’s easier to clean out the dirt and gravel from their wounds if their legs have been shaved. Bare skin coming into contact with 6)asphalt at 35mph is going to tear off, so it’s better that it tears off cleanly, and pulling off 7)bandages from healed cuts is less torturous if hairs are not pulled out at the same time. The second reason is more therapeutic: the massages they receive after every stage of a race are more comfortable if they are hairless. However, there is a third more 8)compelling explanation. The cycling writer Matt Seaton put forward the following theory in 2002: “The real reason cyclists shave their legs is very simple: it is because everyone else does it. No one likes to make a direct admission but, secretly, shaving one’s legs has an
　　9)aesthetic dimension: it is simply how the racing cyclist should look.”
　　
　　Why do female tennis players grunt?
　　[1]Maria Sharapova currently holds tennis’s grunting record with a shriek measured at 101.2 10)decibels, which is comparable to a police car 11)siren. Despite objections from opponents, tennis fans and 12)officials, she has no plans to change her habit.
　　
　　It was only in 1992 that [2]Monica Seles made the first steps towards making grunting an issue for tennis fans. Her 83 decibels, which is modest by today’s standards, was inspired during that year’s 13)Wimbledon tournament. [3]Jennifer Capriati is said to have shouted at Seles to “Shut the fuck up!”, while an 14)exasperated [4]Martina Navratilova complained that her opponent sounded “like a stuck pig”. Finally, an 15)umpire asked
　　Seles to contain herself. Suitably warned, she lost in the final to [5]Steffi Graf.
　　
　　Action from the authorities has since been less 16)conspicuous. When Wimbledon’s chief referee Alan Mills retired in 2005, he complained that
　　officials can only act if the offender is “shown to be making the noises on purpose, which is virtually impossible to do”, and called for a crackdown. But today, thanks to Seles, Sharapova and many others, grunting is so common that it rarely provokes comment, which is odd when spectators are ordered to be quiet so as not to distract the players.
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　　This is unfortunate, since grunting is clearly a form of 17)gamesmanship even if, for Sharapova, it is not something done deliberately. It is rumoured that coaches are teaching players to use grunting as an integral part of their game, whether because it helps to focus aggression rather like a martial artist breaking a 18)plank or because it intimidates one’s opponent. The celebrated American varsity coach Bill Maze said that he had never taught grunting to his students, but argues, “It’s certainly strategic sometimes. The grunts seem to get louder when the point is bigger. These players are probably doing whatever they can to 19)get an edge over their opponents.”
　　
　　Do teams wearing red really do better?
　　In 1964, Liverpool were due to face Anderlecht in the second-round 20)tie of their first-ever season in Europe. Eager to win the psychological battle,
　　21)manager Bill Shankly 22)hit on the idea of an all-red strip that would make his giant Scots defender Ron “the 23)Colossus” Yeats even more intimidating on the pitch. Finally, Anderlecht duly wilted and the Reds won 4-0 on aggregate.
　　
　　Is it just a coincidence that English football’s three most successful teams Liverpool, Manchester United and Arsenal all play in red, or does the colour really boost performance and rattle the opposition? Statistics show that in Euro 2004, wearing predominantly red was worth an extra goal a game on average. At the very least, players find scarlet-
　　24)clad colleagues easier to pick out against the green of a pitch.
　　
　　Robert Barton and Robert Hill at
　　25)Durham University also investigated contests in 26)tae kwon do, boxing and 27)Graeco-Roman and freestyle wrestling from the 2004 Olympics. These were sports in which the colours red and blue were randomly assigned to competitors. In all four sports, red won the most 28)bouts 55 per cent overall. This advantage rose to 62 per cent in contests between competitors that experts judged to be evenly matched.
　　
　　However, simply wearing red cannot turn anyone into a good competitor. The researchers speculate that red is the colour that signifies male dominance and high 29)testosterone in 30)primates and other animals. With red being the colour of anger, it is not absurd to expect it to be the colour of intimidation. Barton suggested accordingly that wearing red might give a sportsman a testosterone surge, while having the opposite effect on his opponents.
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　自行车选手为什么要刮腿毛？
　　1979年的喜剧片《告别昨日》中，男主角的父亲惊讶地发现，他的儿子竟然剃光了腿毛。有一个“天真”的解释是：这个男孩的梦想是成为一名职业自行车选手，他在某处读到剃光腿毛能够减少风的阻力。事实上，脱毛对于他提高骑行速度几乎没有什么帮助。然而，人们还是普遍错误地认为，空气动力学是环法自行车赛上的选手们体毛无踪的原因。
　　
　　据斯坦福大学游泳教练斯基普・肯尼说，游泳运动员剃光全身的体毛，水中速度可提高2%。但是，水远比空气稠密，造成的阻力会更大。剃光体毛对自行车选手的速度帮助很小，几乎无法测量。
　　
　　职业自行车选手宣称，他们剃毛有两个原因。第一个是医疗上的：他们从自行车上摔下来的次数比人们想象得要多，如果腿毛被剃光，伤口中的泥砂可以更容易地被清理出来。裸露的皮肤以每小时35英里的速度和沥青接触肯定会被撕裂，所以最好是干干净净地被扯破。而且伤口愈合后，取下绷带时，如果没有毛发同时被扯下，显然要少些痛苦。第二个原因和理疗有更大关系：每个阶段比赛结束后，运动员们要接受肌肉按摩，如果没有体毛，感觉会更舒服。然而，还有第三个更让人信服的解释。2002年，采写自行车比赛的记者马
　　特・西顿提出了下面的理论：“自行车选手们刮体毛的真正原因非常简单：因为人人都这么做。没有人愿意坦白承认，但是，私下里，大家都知道剃光腿毛包含了审美因素：职业自行车选手就应该是这个样子。”
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　　为什么女网球选手爱闷吼？
　　玛丽亚・莎拉波娃目前保持着网球比赛的闷吼纪录――高达101.2分贝的尖叫声，无异于一辆警车的警报声。虽然对手、网球“粉丝”、裁判对此都不满，但她丝毫没打算改变自己的这个习惯。
　　
　　第一次因发闷吼声给观众造成骚扰的是1992年的莫妮卡・塞莱斯。在当年的温布尔登网球赛上，她发出了83分贝的吼声。以今天的标准来看，那其实还不足以大惊小怪。据报道，詹妮弗・卡普里亚蒂曾朝塞莱斯大喊：“闭上你XX的嘴！”而同样被塞莱斯的闷吼声惹恼的玛蒂娜・纳
　　芙拉蒂诺娃则抱怨她对手的叫声听上去“就像一头被困住的猪”。最终，一位裁判要求塞莱斯收敛一下。被适当警告后，她在决赛中输给了施特菲・格拉芙。
　　
　　此后，当局对闷吼声的惩戒日益松懈。温布尔登首席裁判阿兰・米尔斯2005年退休时抱怨说，“只有当球员被证明是故意制造噪音时”裁判才能干预，“但事实上，要判断是否故意几乎不可能”。他呼吁全面禁止闷吼。可是今天，因为有塞莱斯、莎拉波娃和其他众多选手，大家对赛场闷吼声已经习以为常，甚少再有任何微词。奇怪的是，倒是有规定说观众必须安静地看比赛，以免影响选手。
　　
　　这真令人遗憾，因为，闷吼显然是一种虽不犯规却不光彩的歪招，即便对于莎拉波娃这仅仅是一种习惯，而非有心之举。有传闻说，教练们现在开始教学生把闷吼融合到自己的技术中，不管是为了专注搏杀――像武术大师在击破一块厚木板前的大喊一样――还是为了威慑对手。著名的美国大学教练比尔・马兹说，他从未向学生传授发闷吼声，但他补充说：“有时，这无疑是种战略。当分数较多时，闷吼声似乎也更大。这些选手有可能为胜过对手而不择手段。”
　　
　　穿红衣的队伍真的成绩较好？
　　1964年，利物浦足球俱乐部队在第一个欧洲赛季两轮战平后，即将面对比利时安德莱赫特队。为了赢得心理战的优势，球队经理比尔・桑克利想到了全红条纹球衣的点子，以便让身材高大的苏格兰后卫“巨人”罗恩・叶芝看起来更有威慑力。最后，安德莱赫特队果然败阵，红队4比0大获全胜。
　　
　　英国的三支最成功的足球队利物浦、曼联和阿森纳都穿红色球衣。这仅仅是一种巧合吗？或者红色果真能够提高运动员的表现并威慑对手？统计数字显示，在2004年欧洲杯足球赛上，球衣主要为红色的球队每场平均多进一个球。别的不说，鲜艳的红色起码有一个好处――球员们发现在绿色背景的球场上，更容易发现穿红衣的队友。
　　
　　杜伦大学的罗伯特・巴顿和罗伯特・希尔还研究了2004年奥运会跆拳道、拳击、古典摔跤、自由摔跤比赛的结果与运动员服装颜色的关系。这些项目中，红蓝两色被随意地分派给所有选手。在这四个项目中，穿红色衣服的选手获胜比率为55%。在专家认为选手势均力敌的比赛中，红色获胜的比例更高达62%。
　　
　　然而，不是说只要穿上红衣就会马上变成一名出色的选手。研究者推测，红色是标志雄性主宰的颜色，在灵长类动物和其他动物中它意味着高雄性激素。由于红色象征着愤怒，因而说它是一种具有威慑力的色彩并不过分。据此，巴顿提出，穿红色衣服可能导致运动员体内的睾丸激素上升，同时作用于对手，令其发生相反的变化。
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